Abdülhamid II

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Abdülhamid II

(born Sept. 21, 1842, Constantinople—died Feb. 10, 1918, Constantinople) Sultan (1876–1909) of the Ottoman Empire under whose rule the Tanzimat reform movement reached its climax. After initially promoting the first Ottoman constitution (primarily to ward off foreign intervention), he suspended it 14 months later and ruled thereafter as a despot. He used Pan-Islamism to rally Muslim opinion outside his empire; the Hejaz Railway was built with foreign contributions. Discontent with his absolutist rule and resentment over European intervention in the Balkans resulted in his overthrow by the Young Turks in 1908. See also Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; Enver Pasha; Midhat Pasha.

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No references found			Abdül Aziz Abdul Chermoev Abdul Fattah Ismail Abdül Hamid Abdul Kalam, A P J Abdul Karim Kassem Abdul Magomaev Abdül Mecid Abdul Medzhid Ortsuevich Chermoev Abdul Muis Abdul Muslim Magometovich Magomaev Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj, Prince Abdul Rahman Shahbandar Abdul Rahman, Tunku Abdul Rauf Benava Abdul Razak Abdul Zahir Abdul-Hamid II Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem Abdul-Rahman Khazar Abdul-Rahman Momand Abdulakhad Kakharov Abdulhak Hamid Abdülhak Hâmid Abdülhamid II Abdulino Abdulkadyrkhan Khattak Abdulkerim Ali-Ogly Ali-Zade Abdulkerim Nadir Pasa Abdülkerím Nadir Pasa Abdulkhak Abdullaev Abdulkhak Aksakolovich Abdullaev Abdulkhak Sufi Betab Abdulla Alish Abdulla Amantai Abdulla Gareevich Amantai Abdulla Kadyri Abdulla Kakhkhar Abdulla Khamidov Abdulla Khamidovich Khamidov Abdulla Mustafa Ogly Shaik Abdullaev, Abdulkhak Abdullaev, Abdulkhak Aksakolovich Abdullaev, Gasan Mamed Bagir Ogly Abdullaev, Khabib Abdullaev, Khabib Mukhammedovich Abdullaev, Mikail Gusein ogly Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Abdullah bin Abdulkadir Munsji Abdullah Goran			Abdul Rahman Kanoo International School Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj, Prince Abdul Rahman Shahbandar Abdul Rahman, Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tunku Abdul Rauf Benava Abdul Razak Abdul Razak bin Hussein Abdul Razak Hussein Abdul Razzaq Yaqoob Abdul Zahir Abdul-Hamid II Abdul-Hamid II Abdul-Jabbar Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem Abdul-Malik ibn Marwan Abdul-Rahman Khazar Abdul-Rahman Momand Abdul-Scam Abdulakhad Kakharov Abdülâziz Abdulfattah Ismail Abdulhadi & Al Moaibed Consulting & Design Engineers Abdulhak Hamid Abdülhak Hâmid Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan Abdülhamid II Abdulino Abdulkadyrkhan Khattak Abdulkerim Ali-Ogly Ali-Zade Abdulkerim Nadir Pasa Abdülkerím Nadir Pasa Abdulkhak Abdullaev Abdulkhak Aksakolovich Abdullaev Abdulkhak Sufi Betab Abdulla Alish Abdulla Amantai Abdulla Gareevich Amantai Abdulla Kadyri Abdulla Kakhkhar Abdulla Khamidov Abdulla Khamidovich Khamidov Abdulla Mustafa Ogly Shaik Abdullaev, Abdulkhak Abdullaev, Abdulkhak Aksakolovich Abdullaev, Gasan Mamed Bagir Ogly Abdullaev, Khabib Abdullaev, Khabib Mukhammedovich Abdullaev, Mikail Gusein ogly Abdullah Abdullah Ahmad Badawi

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