| (mathematics) | affine transformation - A linear transformation followed by a
translation. Given a matrix M and a vector v, A(x) = Mx + v is a typical affine transformation. |
Affine Transformation
a pointwise mutually single-valued mapping of a plane (space) onto itself in which straight lines are transformed into straight lines. If a Cartesian coordinate system is given in a plane, then any affine transformation of this plane can be defined by means of a so-called nonsingu-lar linear transformation of the coordinates x and y of the points of this plane. Such a transformation is given by the formulas x’ = ax + by + p and y’ = cx + dy + q with the additional requirement that 
. Analogously, any affine transformation of a space can be defined by means of nonsingular linear transformations of the coordinates of points in space. The set of all affine transformations of a plane (space) into itself forms a group of affine transformations. This denotes, in particular, that the successive execution of two affine transformations is equivalent to some single affine transformation.
Examples of affine transformations are the orthogonal transformation—a motion of a plane or space or motion with a reflection; the transformation of similitude; and uniform “compression.” A uniform “compression” with coefficient k of the plane π toward a straight line a located in it is a transformation in which the points of a remain stationary and every point M of the plane π which does not lie on a is displayed along a ray passing through M perpendicularly to a to a point M’ such that the ratio of the distances from M and M’ to a is equal to k. Analogously, one defines a uniform “compression” of space to a plane. Each affine transformation of the plane can be obtained by performing a certain orthogonal transformation and a successive “compression” on some two perpendicular lines. Any affine transformation of space can be accomplished by means of a certain orthogonal transformation and successive “compressions” on some three mutually perpendicular lines. In an affine transformation, parallel lines and planes are transformed into parallel lines and planes. The properties of the affine transformation are widely used in various branches of mathematics, mechanics, and theoretical physics. Thus, in geometry the affine transformation is used for the so-called affine classification of figures. In mechanics, it is used in the study of small deformations of continuous media; in such deformations, small elements of the medium in the first approximation undergo affine transformations.
REFERENCES
Muskhelishvili, N. I. Kurs analiticheskoi geometrii, 4th ed. Moscow, 1967.Aleksandrov, P. S. Lektsii po analiticheskoi geometrii. Moscow, 1968.
Efimov, N. V. Vysshaia geometriia, 4th ed. Moscow, 1961.
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