Aguinaldo, Emilio

Aguinaldo, Emilio (āmē`lyō ägēnäl` dō), 1869–1964, Philippine leader. In the insurrection against Spain in 1896 he took command, and by terms of the peace that ended it he went into exile at Hong Kong (1897). After the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and led a Philippine insurrection in concert with U.S. attacking forces. He established a republic with its capital at Malolos and himself as president.

Dissatisfied with the peace treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, he headed a rebellion against U.S. occupying forces from 1899 until he was captured by in 1901. Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States, was briefly imprisoned, and retired to private life. In 1935 he ran for president but was defeated by Manuel Quezon. Aguinaldo was charged with cooperating with the Japanese occupying the Philippines in World War II, but was not tried. With V. A. Pacis he wrote A Second Look at America (1957).

Bibliography

See biography by C. Quirino (1969).

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Aguinaldo, Emilio

Emilio Aguinaldo.

(credit: Brown Brothers)

(born March 23, 1869, near Cavite, Luzon, Phil.—died Feb. 6, 1964, Manila) Philippine independence leader. He was born of Chinese and Tagalog parentage and was educated at the University of Santo Tomás, Manila. He became a leader of the Katipunan, a revolutionary society that fought the Spanish. Philippine independence was declared in 1898, and Aguinaldo became president, but within months Spain signed a treaty ceding the islands to the U.S. Aguinaldo fought U.S. forces until he was captured in 1901. After taking an oath of allegiance to the U.S., he was induced to retire from public life. He collaborated with the Japanese during World War II. After the war he was briefly imprisoned; released by presidential amnesty, he was vindicated by his appointment to the Council of State in 1950. In his later years he promoted nationalism, democracy, and improvement of relations between the U.S. and the Philippines.

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Aguinaldo, Emilio (1870–1964) Filipino revolutionary. He led the uprising against Spain (1896–98) and later the U.S.A. (1899–1901); captured in 1901, he took an oath of allegiance to the U.S.A. and retired from politics.

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Aguinaldo, Emilio 

Born Mar. 22, 1869; died Feb. 6, 1964. Filipino political leader.

Aguinaldo led the bourgeois landowner groups that joined the 1896 revolt against the Spanish oppressors. In 1897 he became president of the Supreme Council of State created by the rebels, but that same year he entered into agreements with Spain, called for an end to the fighting, and left the Philippines. At the start of the Spanish-American War of 1898 he rejoined the rebellion, becoming head of the government and commander-in-chief. In 1899 he became president of the Philippine Republic, which was struggling against the American aggressors. Fearing the sweep of the revolutionary movement, Aguinaldo practiced a policy of compromise with the USA. Captured by American forces in 1901, he called on the people to cease struggling against American colonialists. In the 1930’s he headed the Union of Veterans of the Revolution and the National Socialist Party, both bourgeois-nationalist organizations. He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1935.

G. I. LEVINSON