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Transformation |
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transformation, in genetics: see recombination recombination, process of "shuffling" of genes by which new combinations can be generated. In recombination through sexual reproduction , the offspring's complete set of genes differs from that of either parent, being rather a combination of genes from both parents. ..... Click the link for more information. . transformationIn mathematics, a rule for changing a geometric figure or algebraic expression into another, usually accompanied by a rule for transforming it back. In geometry and topology, a transformation (e.g., flipping horizontally or vertically, rotating, or stretching vertically or horizontally) moves each point in a figure or graph to another position. A graph also undergoes a transformation when its coordinate system is changed. For example, the equations that establish a correspondence between the rectangular and polar coordinate systems constitute a transformation. In analysis, a transformation is a procedure that changes one function into another. Of special interest in many fields of mathematics are transformations forming a group, in which any two transformations applied successively produce the same result as another transformation in the group and each transformation has an inverse transformation (which undoes it) in the group. See also group theory, integral transform, linear transformation. Transformation (bacteria) The addition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to living cells, thereby changing their genetic composition and properties. The recipient bacteria are usually closely related to the donor strain. The process may occur in natural conditions, for example, in a host animal infected with two parasitic strains, and indeed it might play a part in the rapid evolution of pathogenic bacteria. There are several species of bacteria in which transformation has been achieved in the laboratory. That bacterial transformation is true genetic transmission on a small scale, rather than controlled mutation, is demonstrated by the following characteristics: (1) A specific trait is introduced, coming always from donors bearing the trait. (2) The trait is transferred by determinant, genelike material far less complex than whole cells or nuclei, and this material, DNA, is known to be present in gene-carrying chromosomes. (3) The trait is inherited by the progeny of the changed bacteria. (4) The progeny produce, when they grow, increased amounts of DNA carrying the specific property. (5) The traits are transferred as units exactly in the patterns in which they appear or in which they are induced by mutation. (6) The DNA transmits the full potentialities of the donor strain, whether these are in an expressed or in a latent state. (7) The traits are often attributable to the presence of a specific gene-determined enzyme protein. (8) Certain groups of determinants may occur “linked” within DNA molecules, just as genes may be linked, and if so, heat denaturation, radiation, or enzyme action will inactivate or separate them just to the extent that they can damage or break apart the DNA molecules. (9) Linked determinants, while transforming a new cell, may become exchanged (recombined) between themselves and their unmarked or unselective alternate forms in such a way that they bring about genetic variation, and in a pattern indicating the existence of larger organized genetic units. See Bacterial genetics, Gene Through the application of a number of procedures prior to adding the DNA, transformation was extended first to many different bacterial species and then to eukaryotic cells. Today almost any cell type can be transformed. In some cases, tissues can be injected directly with naked DNA and transformed. However, unlike with bacteria, the naked DNA adds almost anywhere in the genome rather than recombining with its indigenous homolog. However, with special highly selective procedures, homologous recombination can be obtained. By treating embryonic stem cells and adding them to embryos that then go to term, specific and nonspecific transgenic animals can be obtained (for example, mice). See Genetic engineering When the source of the DNA is some entity capable of independent replication, such as a virus or plasmid, the phenomenon is called transfection. If foreign DNA is then inserted into these entities, the result is recombinant DNA that can lead to transduction. See Molecular biology, Transduction (bacteria) Transformation Actaeon surprised Artemis bathing and was changed by her into a stag. [Gk. Myth.: Jobes, 28] killed by a boar, he was changed into an anemone by Venus. [Gk. Lit.: Metamorphoses] changed into rooster by angry Ares for neglecting to warn against approach of the sun; doomed forever to announce its arrival. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 17] hunter pursuing Arethusa is turned into a river. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 26] won weaving contest against Athena, who then changed her into a spider. [Gk. Myth.: Jobes, 116] changed into stream by Artemis to save her from river god, Alpheus. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 29] hundred-eyed giant ordered slain by Zeus, changed by Hera into a peacock with a tail full of “eyes.” [Gk. Myth.: Benét, 48] turned into an owl by Demeter. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 37] beloved of Cybele, who changed him into a pine tree as he was about to commit suicide. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 55] Puck turns his head into that of an ass. [Br. Drama: Shakespeare A Midsummer Night’s Dream] literature professor transformed into a 155-pound breast topped by a football-size nipple. [Am. Lit.: Philip Roth The Breast in Weiss, 55] sows dragon’s teeth that turn into armed men. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 180] nymph that Zeus transformed into a bear. [Gk. Myth.: Walsh Classical, 28] royal couple are changed into sea-birds. [Gk. Myth.: Bulfinch] changed into tortoise for refusing to attend wedding of Zeus and Hera. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 59] seductive sorceress who turned Odysseus’ companions into swine. [Gk. Myth.: Benét, 201] ocean nymph, in love with Apollo, was changed into a heliotrope. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary] distressed by unrequited love, changed by Hermes into a saffron plant. [Gk. Myth.: Avery, 338] turned by Hades into a fountain (or river). [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 70]
turned into laurel tree to escape Apollo. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 75] nature deity; became mermaid when Mopsus pursued her. [Philistine Myth.: Jobes, 433; Avery, 389] changed by gods into a fountain. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 88] Cockney flower-girl, trained by a professor, gains admission to polite society. [Br. Drama: G. B. Shaw Pygmalion; Am. Musical: My Fair Lady in On Stage, 373] ill-treated infant turns into a pig. [Br. Lit.: Lewis Carroll Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland] transformed into a bacchante to suit enamored Zeus. [Fr. Operetta: Offenbach, Orpheus in Hades, Westerman, 271–272] transformed by a witch, he is turned back into a prince by favor of a princess. [Ger. Fairy Tale: Grimm] statue of woman fashioned by Pygmalion and brought to life by Aphrodite. [Gk. Myth.: Jobes, 623] her body is shrunk to figurine size. [Ger. Lit.: Herman Hesse Steppenwolf] changed into a lion and a lioness for failing to honor Venus after their legendary race. [Gk. Myth.: Bulfinch] the monster that David Banner becomes when angered. [Comics and TV: Horn, 324] changed into heifer by Zeus because of Hera’s jealousy. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 137] by means of a drug, changes himself into a repulsive, evil creature. [Br. Lit.: Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in Magill I, 214] middle-aged pawnbroker turned into a young man ready for amorous adventure. [Am. Lit.: Jurgen in Magill I, 464] dozing in a graveyard, his body — but not his mind — is replaced by one of the dead. [Br. Lit.: Walter de la Mare The Return in Magill II, 896] wife disobeyed God’s order not to look back; she became a pillar of salt. [O.T.: Genesis 19:26] metamorphosed into an ass, has a series of adventures. [Rom. Lit.: Apuleius Metamorphoses or The Golden Ass in Magill I, 309] king turned into a wolf for having served human flesh. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 570]
her face was so hideous that any who saw it were turned to stone. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 596] everything he touched turned to gold. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 167] originally ants, turned into human beings by Zeus to populate the island of Oenone. [Gk. Myth.: Benét, 697] enamored of his own reflection in a pool, he pines away and is turned into a flower. [Gk. Myth.: Benét, 701] her children slain, she is turned to stone by Zeus at her own request. [Gk. Myth.: Benét, 717] turned into swine by Circe. [Gk. Lit.: Odyssey] slain by Diana, giant hunter becomes a constellation. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 664] born a man in 1588, dies a woman in 1928. [Br. Lit. Orlando, Magill I, 698–700] had the power to assume any form. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 199] clown puppet that comes to life. [Russ. Ballet: Petrouchka in Thompson, 1657] couple turned into an oak and a linden so that they are together in death. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 698] changed by gods into nightingale. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 205–206] bogey-beast taking many forms; e.g., horse, bat, eagle. [Irish Folklore: Briggs, 326–327] changed from mischievous puppet to loving boy. [Ital. Lit.: Pinocchio] Gray becomes more hideous as Gray grows more vicious. [Br. Lit.: Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray] has ability to change shape. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 201] turned into coach by Cinderella’s fairy godmother. [Fr. Fairy Tale: Cinderella] shaken by Alice, she turns into a kitten. [Br. Lit.: Lewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass] Berenger discovers that Jean is turning into a rhinoceros like all the other townspeople. [Fr. Drama: Weiss, 394] young man wakes up one day to find that he has turned into an enormous insect. [Ger. Lit.: Kafka The Metamorphosis in Benét, 663] nymph, pursued by Pan, was changed into a reed, from which Pan made his pipes. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 876]
golden helmet that allowed its wearer to assume any form or even become invisible. [Ger. Opera: Wagner The Ring of the Nibelung] changed from dignified woman into wild fox. [Am. Lit.: Lady into Fox, Magill I, 486] boy changed into Ozma, Queen of Oz. [Children’s Lit.: The Land of Oz] saw two snakes copulating and was changed into a woman. [Gk. Myth.: Jobes, 1576] unable to remove him from the earth because of his immortality, Eos changes him into a grasshopper. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 901] changing of bread to body of Christ. [Christian Theol.: Brewer Dictionary, 1097] Welsh king changed into wolf by St. Patrick. [Br. Legend: Brewer Dictionary, 1148] assumed many forms to indulge his passions. [Zimmerman, 292–293]
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Bacterial transformation
