Bauhaus (bou`hous), school of art and architecture in Germany. The Bauhaus revolutionized art training by combining the teaching of the pure arts with the study of crafts. Philosophically, the school was built on the idea that design did not merely reflect society, it could actually help to improve it. The Bauhaus was founded at Weimar in 1919 and headed by Walter Gropius Gropius, Walter , 1883–1969, German-American architect, one of the leaders of modern functional architecture. In Germany his Fagus factory buildings (1910–11) at Alfeld, with their glass walls, metal spandrels, and discerning use of purely industrial
..... Click the link for more information. , with a faculty that included Paul Klee Klee, Paul , 1879–1940, Swiss painter, graphic artist, and art theorist, b. near Bern. Klee's enormous production (more than 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings) is unique in that it represents the successful combination of his sophisticated theories of
..... Click the link for more information. , Lyonel Feininger Feininger, Lyonel , 1871–1956, American painter and illustrator, b. New York City. Feininger studied painting in Berlin, Hamburg, and Paris. He was an illustrator and caricaturist for several periodicals in Paris and in Germany and had a weekly comic page
..... Click the link for more information. , Wassily Kandinsky Kandinsky, Wassily or Vasily , 1866–1944, Russian abstract painter and theorist. Usually regarded as the originator of abstract art, Kandinsky abandoned a legal career for painting at 30 when he moved
..... Click the link for more information. , László Moholy-Nagy Moholy-Nagy, László , 1895–1946, Hungarian painter, designer, and experimental photographer. He turned to art after studying law. While living in Berlin he was one of the founders of constructivism, experimenting with photograms and translucent
..... Click the link for more information. , and Marcel Breuer Breuer, Marcel Lajos , 1902–81, American architect and furniture designer, b. Hungary. During the 1920s he was associated, both as student and as teacher, with the Bauhaus in Germany.
..... Click the link for more information. . The teaching plan insisted on functional craftsmanship in every field, with a concentration on the industrial problems of mechanical mass production. Bauhaus style was characterized by economy of method, a severe geometry of form, and design that took into account the nature of the materials employed. The school's concepts aroused vigorous opposition from right-wing politicians and academicians.

In 1925 the Bauhaus moved to the more friendly atmosphere of Dessau, where Gropius designed special buildings to house the various departments. Gropius resigned in 1928, and the leadership was continued by the architect Hannes Meyer Meyer, Hannes , 1889–1954, Swiss architect. Meyer was a lecturer and studio master at the Bauhaus in Dessau. He succeeded Gropius as its director (1928–30).
..... Click the link for more information. , who in turn was replaced in 1930 by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig , 1886–1969, German-American architect. A pioneer of modern architecture and one of its most influential figures, he is famous for his minimalist architectural dictum "less is more." In Germany, he was an assistant to Peter Behrens.
..... Click the link for more information. . In the summer of 1932 opposition to the school had increased to such an extent that the city of Dessau withdrew its support. The school was then moved to Berlin, where the faculty endeavored to carry on their ideas, but in 1933 the Nazi government closed the school entirely. The Bauhaus ideas, enveloping design in architecture, furniture, weaving, and typography, among others, had by this time found wide acclaim in many parts of the world and especially in the United States. Gropius himself went to the United States and taught at Harvard, exercising considerable influence. The Chicago Institute of Design, founded by Moholy-Nagy, most completely carried on the teaching plan of the Bauhaus.

Bibliography

See W. Gropius, The New Architecture and the Bauhaus (rev. ed. 1955); H. M. Wingler, The Bauhaus, ed. by J. Stein (1969); M. Franciscono, Walter Gropius and the Creation of the Bauhaus (1971); E. S. Hochman, Bauhaus: Crucible of Modernism (1997).

Bauhaus

(German; “House of Building”)

(1919–33) Influential, forward-looking German school of architecture and applied arts. It was founded by Walter Gropius with the ideal of integrating art, craftsmanship, and technology. Realizing that mass production had to be the precondition of successful design in the machine age, its members rejected the Arts and Crafts Movement's emphasis on individually executed luxury objects. The Bauhaus is often associated with a severe but elegant geometric style carried out with great economy of means, though in fact the works produced by its members were richly diverse. Its faculty included Josef Albers, László Moholy-Nagy, Lyonel Feininger, Paul Klee, Vasily Kandinsky, and Marcel Breuer. The school was based in Weimar until 1925, Dessau through 1932, and Berlin in its final months, when its last director, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, closed the school in anticipation of the Nazis' doing so. See also International Style.

Bauhaus

a. a German school of architecture and applied arts founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius on experimental principles of functionalism and truth to materials. After being closed by the Nazis in 1933, its ideas were widely disseminated by its students and staff, including Kandinsky, Klee, Feininger, Moholy-Nagy, and Mies van der Rohe

b. (as modifier): Bauhaus wallpaper
www.cs.umb.edu
http://alilley/bauhaus.html

Bauhaus

A school of design established in Weimar, Germany, by Walter Gropius in 1919. The term became virtually synonymous with modern teaching methods in architecture and the applied arts, and with a functional aesthetic for the industrial age; often characterized by emphasis on functional design, the use of a repetitive interval between members of the framework of a building, and the maintenance of purely geometric forms. Often, major building components such as bays, doors, and windows are placed to coincide with this repetitive interval, although the building itself may be asymmetrical.

Bauhaus

(also, Hochschule für Bau und Gestaltung), an educational institution and architectural-artistic association in Germany. It was founded in 1919 by the architect W. Gropius in Weimar and transferred to Dessau in 1925. It was disbanded by the fascists in 1933. The leading members of the Bauhaus, guided by the aesthetic principles of functionalism, sought to develop universal principles of modern plastic art. They wished to find a complex artistic resolution of the contemporary material everyday environment; they developed the ability of their students to comprehend new materials and structures aesthetically and creatively and taught them to grasp the specific beauty of functionally designed objects which were created under the modern conditions of machine production. A major element of the educational process in the Bauhaus was practical work experience in industrial, artistic, and design workshops, where, along with their educational studies, the students worked on architectural projects (including models of residential houses), models of industrial mass-produced articles (mainly furniture, lamps, and textiles), decorative paintings, and sculpture. Teaching and creative experimentation in the Bauhaus were conducted by outstanding architects of the functional school (W. Gropius, H. Meyer, and L. Mies van der Rohe), pioneers of modern design (J. Itten and L. Moholy-Nagy), and some avant-garde artists (P. Klee, W. Kandinsky, L. Feininger, and O. Schlemmer).

The theoretical and practical activity of the Bauhaus played an important role in asserting the principles of rationalism in 20th century world architecture and in creating the foundations of modern design. In the field of visual arts, the Bauhaus was the center of world formalism. Its theoreticians and principal inspirers expressed erroneous views on the nature and aim of art and denied the ideological nature of art as they denied realism.

BAUHAUS PUBLICATIONS

Staatliches Bauhaus Weimar, 1919–23 [1923].
Bauhausbücher. (Series; from 1925.)
“Bauhaus”: Zeitschrift für Bau und Gestaltung. (A journal; from 1926.)

REFERENCES

Gropius, W. Idee und Aufbau des Staatlichen Bauhauses Weimar. Munich, 1923.
Argan, G. C. W. Gropius e la Bauhaus, 2nd ed. [Turin, 1957].

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Bibliography

Bauhaus

BAUHAUS PUBLICATIONS

REFERENCES

Bauhaus