Baybars I

Baybars I (bī`bärs), 1223–77, Mamluk sultan (1260–77) of Egypt and Syria. Once a Turkish slave, Baybars became a commander of the Ayyubid and then Mamluk armies. In 1260 he led Mamluk troops to victory against the Mongols at the Battle of Ayn Jalut. When reporting to the sultan, Baybars killed him with a sword and became the fourth Mamluk sultan. His reign was marked by continuous military campaigns against Persian Mongols and Christian crusaders. He died in Damascus by mistakenly drinking poison.

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Baybars I

 or Baibars

(born c. 1223, north of the Black Sea—died July 1, 1277, Damascus, Syria) Most eminent sultan of the Mamluk dynasty. A Kipchak Turk, he was sold as a slave (mamluk) after a Mongol invasion in the 1240s. He ended up in the service of the sultan of Egypt's Ayyubid dynasty, who gave him military training. In 1250 his army captured the Crusader king Louis IX, and he and other mamluk officers murdered the last Ayyubid sultan, establishing the Mamluk dynasty. He distinguished himself against an invading Mongol force at the Battle of 'Ayn Jalut (1260) and soon thereafter took the throne, when he murdered the third Mamluk sultan. As sultan, he rebuilt the Syrian fortresses that had been destroyed by the Mongols and built up the sultanate's armaments. He seized territory from the Crusaders that they were never to recover. He harried the Mongols in Persia, attacking their allies (the Christian Armenians) and forging an alliance with the Mongols of the Golden Horde against them. He sent military expeditions into Nubia and Libya. He had diplomatic relations with James I of Aragon, Alfonso X of León and Castile, and Charles of Anjou, as well as with the Byzantine emperor. At home he built canals and the great mosque in Cairo that bears his name and established efficient postal service between Cairo and Damascus. The Sirat Baybars, a folk account purporting to be his life story, is still popular in the Arabic-speaking world.