Harlem (redirected from Black Harlem)

Harlem, residential and business section of upper Manhattan, New York City, bounded roughly by 110th St., the East River and Harlem River, 168th St., Amsterdam Ave., and Morningside Park. The Dutch settlement of Nieuw Haarlem was established by Peter Stuyvesant in 1658. To the W of Harlem, near the present site of Columbia Univ., British and Continental forces fought (Sept. 16, 1776) the Battle of Harlem Heights. Harlem remained rural until the 19th cent. when improved transportation facilities linked it with lower Manhattan. It then became a fashionable residential section of New York City. By the turn of the century Harlem had a large Jewish population; starting around 1910 Harlem became the scene of increasing African-American migration from the South. It soon became the largest and most influential African-American community in the nation, one of the centers of innovation in jazz, and the home of such Harlem Renaissance authors as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurston. In East Harlem, a largely Italian neighborhood—the home of Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia—many Puerto Ricans and other Hispanic-Americans settled after World War II. Seventh Ave. at 125th Street is generally considered the heart of Harlem; Lenox Ave., once internationally known for its entertainment spots, is now mainly lined with housing developments. Harlem is the site of the Abyssinian Baptist Church, headed for many years by Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., and the Apollo theater, noted for performances by African-American musicians and entertainers. An extensive scholarly collection is housed at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (part of the New York Public Library), which is adjacent to the Countee Cullen branch of the Library. Harlem today is a depressed economic area with considerable unemployment; much of its housing is substandard. There has been some gentrification and a return of middle-class blacks to the neighborhood.

Bibliography

See G. Osofsky, Harlem (1966); J. S. Gurock, When Harlem Was Jewish (1979); C. L. Greenberg, Or Does It Explode: Black Harlem in the Thirties (1991).

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Harlem

District occupying part of northern Manhattan Island, New York City, U.S. It lies north of Central Park, with its business district centred on 125th Street. Founded by Peter Stuyvesant in 1658 as Nieuw Haarlem, it was named after Haarlem in the Netherlands. During the American Revolution it was the site of the Battle of Harlem Heights (Sept. 16, 1776). It was a farming area in the 18th century and a fashionable residential district in the 19th century. A black residential and commercial area by World War I, in the 1920s it was the centre of the cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance.

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Harlem

a district of New York City, in NE Manhattan: now largely a Black ghetto

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Harlem 

a section of New York City (USA) populated mainly by Negroes (the Negro or black ghetto) and located in the northeastern part of the island of Manhattan. Originally, Harlem was a village founded by the Dutch in 1636, who brought the first shipment of Negro slaves there. In 1731 it was incorporated into New York. The rise of black ghettos such as Harlem was associated with a policy of racial segregation and discrimination. Harlem is characterized by over-crowdedness, higher apartment rents, lack of elementary sanitary conditions, an acute shortage of hospitals and schools, and the extreme poverty and high mortality rate of the inhabitants. Harlem is one of the centers of the Negro movement in the USA. The largest manifestations of the movement occurred in the autumn of 1959 in protest against segregation in education, in the summer of 1964, after a policeman murdered a Negro teen-ager, and in the spring of 1968 in connection with the assassination of the leader of the Negro movement, M. L. King.

V. A. TISHKOV