Caravaggio

Caravaggio

 orig. Michelangelo Merisi

The Deposition of Christ, oil on canvas by Caravaggio, 1602–04; …

(credit: SCALA/Art Resource, New York)

(born 1571?, Milan?—died July 18, 1610, Port'Ercole, Tuscany) Italian painter. He was orphaned at 11. After an apprenticeship in Milan, he went to Rome in 1590, where he won the patronage of a cardinal. A series of large paintings (1599–1603) on the life of St. Matthew established him as the most renowned and controversial painter in Rome of his era. Breaking with conventional formulas used in depicting saints, he used ordinary people as models and painted them with unforgiving realism; his inclination against tradition gave new meaning to the interpretation of traditional themes in religious painting. His use of tenebrism—dramatic, selective illumination of form out of deep shadow to heighten the emotional tension, focus the details, and isolate the figures—became the most outstanding feature of his style and a hallmark of the Baroque period. After c. 1600 he received many commissions, including the monumental The Deposition of Christ (1602–04) and Death of the Virgin (1605–06), which was refused by the Carmelites because of the Virgin's plebeian features, bared legs, and swollen belly. His reputation and income increased despite harsh criticism and a turbulent lifestyle. He had an enormous impact on painting throughout Europe.