Charge of electron definition of Charge of electron in the Free Online Encyclopedia.

elementary charge [‚el·ə′men·trē ‚chärj]

(physics)

An electric charge such that the electric charge of any body is an integral multiple of it, equal to the electron charge.

Elementary Charge

e, the smallest electric charge known in nature. The existence of the elementary charge was first mentioned with certainty by the British scientist G. Stoney in 1874. Stoney’s hypothesis was based on the laws of electrolysis established by M. Faraday (1833–34). In 1881, Stoney was the first to calculate the magnitude of the electric charge of a univalent ion, equal to e = F/N_A, where F is the faraday constant and N_A is Avogadro’s number. In 1911 the elementary charge was established by R. Millikan through direct measurements.

The presently accepted value of e is

e = (4.803242 ± 0.000014) × 10^–10 cgse units

= (1.6021892 ± 0.0000046) × 10^–19 coulomb

The magnitude of the elementary charge is the constant of the electromagnetic interactions, which appears in all equations of microscopic electrodynamics. The elementary charge is exactly equal to the electric charge of the electron, proton, and nearly all other charged elementary particles, which by virtue of this fact are the material carriers of the smallest charge in nature.

The elementary charge cannot be destroyed, and it is this fact that constitutes the content of the law of conservation of electric charge on the microscopic level. There is a positive and a negative elementary charge; in this case, an elementary particle and its antiparticle have charges of opposite sign. The electric charge of any microsystem and of macroscopic bodies is always equal to an integral multiple of the quantity e or to zero. The reason for such “quantization” of charge has not been established. One hypothesis is based on the existence of Dirac monopoles (seeMAGNETIC MONOPOLE). A hypothesis positing the existence of particles with fractional electric charges—quarks—has been much discussed since the 1960’s (seeQUARK and ).

REFERENCE

Millikan, R. A. Eleklrony (+ i –), protony, fotony, neitrony i kosmicheskie luchi. Moscow-Leningrad, 1939. (Translated from English).

L. I. PONOMAREV

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No references found	Recently, a new field has emerged, called spintronics or sometimes magnetoelectronics, which combine both the spin and charge of electrons to obtain devices with new functionality and increased performance. Fabrication of Inorganic-Organic Spintronic Devices by Marsh, Daniel / Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science Unlike conventional semiconductor chips, which operate using the charge of electrons, Parkin's chips exploit a weird quantum mechanical property called "spin. Quantum Leaps by Bailey, Ronald / Reason	Charents, Egishe Charents, Egishe Abgarovich Charentsavan Chares Charest, Jean charette Chargaff, Erwin Charge Charge Carrier charge collector Charge Conjugation charge conjugation conservation charge conjugation operation charge conjugation parity charge conservation charge coupling chargé d'affaires charge density charge establishment charge exchange Charge Exchange of Ions charge independence charge invariance charge multiplet charge neutrality Charge of electron Charge of the Light Brigade charge parity charge population charge pump charge quantization charge transfer charge trap flash Charge, Elementary Charge, Explosive charge-coupled device Charge-coupled devices charge-coupled image sensor charge-coupled memory charge-delocalized ion charge-density wave charge-exchange source charge-injection device charge-localized ion charge-mass ratio charge-state process charge-storage transistor charge-storage tube charge-storage varactor charge-transfer complexes charge-transfer device	Charge Flow Transistor charge for charge for carriage of passengers charge for conveyance of a person charge for services charge hand charge imposed on specific property charge in charge independence Charge Injection Charge Injection Device Charge Injection Transistor Charge invariance Charge it to the dust and let the rain settle it charge levied Charge Listing Charge Master-Based Billing Charge Medical Technician Charge Modulation Device Charge Motion Control Valve charge multiplet charge neutrality Charge nurse Charge nurse Charge nurse Charge nurse charge nurses charge nurses Charge of electron charge of quarters charge of quarters Charge of Quarters Runner Charge of the electron Charge of the Light Brigade Charge off Charge off Charge off Charge off Charge off charge off as Charge Off Loan Tracking Charge Offs Charge Offs Charge Offs Charge Offs charge on charge out Charge Parity Charge Parity charge parity invariance Charge Parity Time Charge Partition charge per unit charge plate charge plate charge plate charge population Charge pump Charge Pump Output

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Recently, a new field has emerged, called spintronics or sometimes magnetoelectronics, which combine both the spin and charge of electrons to obtain devices with new functionality and increased performance.

Fabrication of Inorganic-Organic Spintronic Devices by Marsh, Daniel / Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science

Unlike conventional semiconductor chips, which operate using the charge of electrons, Parkin's chips exploit a weird quantum mechanical property called "spin.

Quantum Leaps by Bailey, Ronald / Reason

Charents, Egishe

Charents, Egishe Abgarovich