conservatism, in politics, the desire to maintain, or conserve, the existing order. Conservatives value the wisdom of the past and are generally opposed to widespread reform. Modern political conservatism emerged in the 19th cent. in reaction to the political and social changes associated with the eras of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. By 1850 the term conservatism, probably first used by Chateaubriand, generally meant the politics of the right right, in politics, the more conservative groups in the political spectrum, in contrast to the radical left and the liberal center . The designation stems from the seating of the nobility on the right side of the presiding officer in the French National Assembly of
..... Click the link for more information. . The original tenets of European conservatism had already been formulated by Edmund Burke Burke, Edmund, 1729–97, British political writer and statesman, b. Dublin, Ireland.

Early Writings

After graduating (1748) from Trinity College, Dublin, he began the study of law in London but abandoned it to devote himself to writing.
..... Click the link for more information. , Joseph de Maistre Maistre, Joseph de (zhôzĕf ` də mĕs`trə), 1753–1821, French writer and diplomat.
..... Click the link for more information. , and others. They emphasized preserving the power of king and aristocracy, maintaining the influence of landholders against the rising industrial bourgeoisie, limiting suffrage, and continuing ties between church and state church and state, the relationship between the religion or religions of a nation and the civil government of that nation, especially the relationship between the Christian church and various civil governments.
..... Click the link for more information. . The conservative view that social welfare was the responsibility of the privileged inspired passage of much humanitarian legislation, in which English conservatives usually led the way. In the late 19th cent. great conservative statesmen, notably Benjamin Disraeli Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st earl of Beaconsfield (dĭzrā`lē)
..... Click the link for more information. , exemplified the conservative tendency to resort to moderate reform in order to preserve the foundations of the established order. By the 20th cent. conservatism was being redirected by erstwhile liberal manufacturing and professional groups who had achieved many of their political aims and had become more concerned with preserving them from attack by groups not so favored. Conservatism lost its predominantly agrarian and semifeudal bias, and accepted democratic suffrage, advocated economic laissez-faire laissez-faire (lĕs'ā fâr`) [Fr.
..... Click the link for more information. , and opposed extension of the welfare state. This form of conservatism, which is best seen in highly industrialized nations, was exemplified by President Reagan Reagan, Ronald Wilson (rā`gən), 1911–2004, 40th president of the United States (1981–89), b. Tampico, Ill.
..... Click the link for more information. in the United States and Prime Minister Thatcher Thatcher, Margaret Hilda Roberts Thatcher, Baroness, 1925–, British political leader. Great Britain's first woman prime minister, Thatcher served longer than any other British prime minister in the 20th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. in Great Britain. It has been flexible and receptive to moderate change, favors the maintenance of order on social issues, and actively supports deregulation and privatization in the economic sphere. Conservatism should be distinguished both from a reactionary desire for the past and the radical right-wing ideology of fascism fascism (făsh`ĭzəm)
..... Click the link for more information. and National Socialism.

Bibliography

See R. Kirk, The Conservative Mind (rev. ed. 1960); J. Habermas, The New Conservatism (1989); T. Honderich, Conservatism (1991).

conservatism

Political attitude or ideology denoting a preference for institutions and practices that have evolved historically and are thus manifestations of continuity and stability. It was first expressed in the modern era through the works of Edmund Burke in reaction to the French Revolution, which Burke believed tarnished its ideals through its excesses. Conservatives believe that the implementation of change should be minimal and gradual; they appreciate history and are more realistic than idealistic. Well-known conservative parties include the British Conservative Party, the German Christian Democratic Union, the U.S. Republican Party, and the Japanese Liberal-Democratic Party. See also Christian Democracy; liberalism.

Conservatism

Apley, George

scion of an old Boston society family, he exemplifies its traditions and remains in old-fashioned mediocrity. [Am. Lit.: The Late George Apley in Magill I, 499]

Conservative party

British political party, once called the Tory party. [Br. Hist.: NCE, 632]

Daughters of the American Revolution

(D.A.R) conservative society of female descendants of Revolutionary War soldiers. [Am. Hist.: Jameson, 132]

elephant

symbol of the Republican party. [Am. Hist.: Misc.]

John Birch Society

ultraconservative, anti-Communist organization. [Am. Hist.: NCE, 1421]

laissez-faire

political doctrine that an economic system functions best without governmental interference. [Politics: Misc.]

Luddites

arch-conservative workmen; smashed labor-saving machinery (1779). [Br. Hist.: Espy, 107]

Republican Party

U.S. political party, generally espousing a conservative platform. [Am. Hist.: Jameson, 424]

Warbucks, Daddy