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Consulate |
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Consulate, 1799–1804, in French history, form of government established after the coup of 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9–10, 1799), which ended the Directory Directory, group of five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year III (1795) of the French Revolution . They were chosen by the new legislature, by the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients; each year one ..... Click the link for more information. . Three consuls were appointed to rule France—Napoleon Bonaparte (see Napoleon I Napoleon I (nəpō`lēən, Fr. näpôlāōN`), 1769–1821, emperor of the French, b. ..... Click the link for more information. ), Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (ĕmänüĕl` zhôzĕf` syāĕs`) ..... Click the link for more information. , and Roger Ducos. Sieyès and Ducos were soon replaced by Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis de (zhäN zhäk rāzhēs` də käNbäsārĕs`) ..... Click the link for more information. and C. F. Lebrun Lebrun, Charles François (shärl fräNswä` ləbröN`), 1739–1824, French statesman. ..... Click the link for more information. , and the Consulate became little more than a scheme for autocratic government by Bonaparte, who was made first consul for life in 1802 and emperor in 1804. Consulate(1799–1804) French government established after the Coup of 18–19 Brumaire. The Constitution of the Year VIII created an executive consisting of three consuls, but the First Consul, Napoleon, wielded all real power, while the other two, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes and Pierre-Roger Ducos (1747–1816), were figureheads. The principles of representation and legislative supremacy were discarded. The executive branch was given the power to draft new laws, and the legislative branch became little more than a rubber stamp. Elections became an elaborate charade, with voters stripped of real power. Napoleon abolished the Consulate when he declared himself emperor. |
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| I had really wanted to go to Germany, that I might carry forward my studies in German literature, and I first applied for the consulate at Munich. Presently one of the passengers, after vigorously pushing his way through the importunate crowd of porters, came up to him and politely asked if he could point out the English consulate, at the same time showing a passport which he wished to have visaed. When I stepped on shore at Rotterdam, my first proceeding was to ask my way to the English Consulate. |
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Consulate