Direct Current (redirected from DC current)

direct current, abbr. DC, a movement of electric charge across an arbitrarily defined surface in one direction only. See electricity; generator.

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direct current (DC)

Flow of electric charge that does not change direction. Direct current is produced by batteries, fuel cells, rectifiers, and generators with commutators. Direct current was supplanted by alternating current (AC) for common commercial power in the late 1880s because it was then uneconomical to transform it to the high voltages needed for long-distance transmission. Techniques developed in the 1960s overcame this obstacle, and direct current is now transmitted over very long distances, though it must ordinarily be converted to alternating current for final distribution. For some uses, such as electroplating, direct current is essential.

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direct current

a continuous electric current that flows in one direction only, without substantial variation in magnitude

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direct current [də¦rekt ′kə·rənt]

(electricity)

Electric current which flows in one direction only, as opposed to alternating current. Abbreviated dc.

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Direct current

Electric current which flows in one direction only through a circuit or equipment. The associated direct voltages, in contrast to alternating voltages, are of unchanging polarity. Direct current corresponds to a drift or displacement of electric charge in one unvarying direction around the closed loop or loops of an electric circuit. Direct currents and voltages may be of constant magnitude or may vary with time.

Direct current is used extensively to power adjustable-speed motor drives in industry and in transportation. Very large amounts of power are used in electrochemical processes for the refining and plating of metals and for the production of numerous basic chemicals.

Direct current ordinarily is not widely distributed for general use by electric utility customers. Instead, direct-current (dc) power is obtained at the site where it is needed by the rectification of commercially available alternating-current (ac) power to dc power. See Direct-current transmission, Electric power systems

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direct current

In an electric circuit, a current that flows in one direction only. Also see alternating current.

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Direct Current 

an electric current whose magnitude and direction do not change with time. It arises under the action of a direct voltage and can exist only in a closed circuit. In a nonbranching circuit the magnitude of a direct current is the same for all cross sections of the circuit. The principal laws governing direct currents are Ohm’s law, which gives the relationship between voltage and current, and Joule’s law, which defines the quantity of heat produced by a current flowing through a conductor. Calculations of networks of conductors carrying a direct current are made with the aid of Kirchhoff’s laws.

In engineering, equipment in which the current is unidirectional is regarded as DC equipment even if the magnitude of the current varies.

Rotating-machine generators are high-power sources of direct current. Direct current can also be obtained by the rectification of alternating current. Low-power sources of direct current include galvanic cells, thermocouples, and photoelectric cells; groups of such cells are called batteries—for example, solar batteries. Rotating electric machines are also used as low-power sources. Magnetohydrodynamic generators are a new, high-efficiency source of direct current. Storage batteries, which can be recharged, are a secondary source of direct current.

Low-voltage direct current finds application in many branches of industry. In electrometallurgy, for example, it is used in such processes as the melting and electrolysis of ores, primarily aluminum ores. Direct current is used in transport-vehicle traction motors and in electric drives requiring variable-speed motors with a large overload capacity where the speed can be smoothly and economically regulated within wide limits. Communication, automation, signaling, and remote-control systems often run on DC power. The use of direct current for the transmission of electric power over distances in excess of 1,000 km shows promise. Work is being done on DC power transmission with practically no losses over superconducting lines.

REFERENCES

Polivanov, K. M. Lineinye elektricheskie tsepi s sosredotochennymi postoiannymi. Moscow, 1972. (Teoreticheskie osnovy elektrotekhniki, vol. 1.)
Kasatkin, A. S. Elektrotekhnika, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1973.

A. S. KASATKIN