Delta

delta [from triangular shape of the Nile delta, like the Greek letter delta], a deposit of clay, silt, and sand formed at the mouth of a river where the stream loses velocity and drops part of its sediment load. No delta is formed if the coast is sinking or if there is an ocean or tidal current strong enough to prevent sediment deposition. Coarse particles settle first, with fine clays last and found at the outer regions of the delta. The three main varieties of deltas are the arcuate (the Nile), the bird's-foot (the Mississippi), and the cuspate (the Tiber). The Nile, Mississippi, Niger, Rhine, Danube, Kuban, Volga, Amu Darya, Indus, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Ayeyarwady, Tigris and Euphrates, and Huang He (Yellow) rivers are among those that have formed large deltas, many of which are fertile lands that support dense agricultural populations.

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delta

Low-lying plain composed of stream-borne sediments deposited by a river at its mouth. Deltas have been important to humankind since prehistoric times. Sands, silts, and clays deposited by floodwaters were extremely productive agriculturally; and major civilizations flourished in the deltaic plains of the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates rivers. In recent years geologists have discovered that much of the world's petroleum resources are found in ancient deltaic rocks. Deltas vary widely in size, structure, composition, and origin, though many are triangular (the shape of the Greek letter delta).

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delta

An incremental value between one number and another.

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delta

1. the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet (Δ or δ), a consonant transliterated as d

2. the flat alluvial area at the mouth of some rivers where the mainstream splits up into several distributaries

3. Maths a finite increment in a variable

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delta [′del·tə]

(anatomy)

A fingerprint focal point which is the point on a ridge at or in front of and nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines.

(electronics)

The difference between a partial-select output of a magnetic cell in a one state and a partial-select output of the same cell in a zero state.

(geology)

An alluvial deposit, usually triangular in shape, at the mouth of a river, stream, or tidal inlet.

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1.	(language)	Delta - 1. An expression-based language developed by J.C. Cleaveland in 1978. 2. A string-processing language with single-character commands from Tandem Computers. 3. A language for system specification of simulation execution. ["System Description and the DELTA Language", E. Holback-Hansen et al, DELTA Proj Rep 4, Norweg Comput Ctr, Feb 1977]. 4. A COBOL generating language produced by Delta Software Entwicklung GmbH.
2.		delta - A quantitative change, especially a small or incremental one (this use is general in physics and engineering). "I just doubled the speed of my program!" "What was the delta on program size?" "About 30 percent." (He doubled the speed of his program, but increased its size by only 30 percent.)
3.		delta - [Unix] A diff, especially a diff stored under the set of version-control tools called SCCS (Source Code Control System) or RCS (Revision Control System). See change management.
4.		delta - A small quantity, but not as small as epsilon. The jargon usage of delta and epsilon stems from the traditional use of these letters in mathematics for very small numerical quantities, particularly in "epsilon-delta" proofs in limit theory (as in the differential calculus). The term delta is often used, once epsilon has been mentioned, to mean a quantity that is slightly bigger than epsilon but still very small. "The cost isn't epsilon, but it's delta" means that the cost isn't totally negligible, but it is nevertheless very small. Common constructions include "within delta of ---", "within epsilon of ---": that is, "close to" and "even closer to".

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Delta 

a lowland in the lower reaches of a river, made up of river sediments and dissected by a more or less ramified network of arms and channels. The name “delta” is derived from the capital letter of the Greek alphabet Δ (delta). Because of its resemblance to the Greek letter, the triangular lowland near the mouth of the Nile River was called a “delta” in antiquity.

Deltas are formed as a result of the complex interaction of river discharge, wave motion, tides, and wind-driven onshore and offshore currents. The formation of a delta where there is a shallow beach begins with the appearance of spits near the mouth and underwater bars (deposits) in the riverbed or bars (estuarine bars, “alluviums”) at the edge of the sea. At high water, the deposits and estuarine bars gradually appear above the water and become low-lying islands that divide the riverbed into arms. Where the coastline is deeper, river-borne sediment is built by the waves into shoreline embankments that border the seaward edge of the delta.

Favorable conditions for the rapid growth of a delta are an abundance of sediment deposited by a river, in some cases the lowering of the level of the waterway (or the tectonic elevation of the bank), the location of the river mouth at the apex of a bay or in a lagoon (obstructed deltas), and the shallowness of the basin into which a river discharges. The formation of deltas is impeded by strong tidal currents, wind-driven onshore and offshore currents, and the rapid elevation of the level of the body of water (rapid tectonic submergence). The rate of growth of deltas varies widely from several meters to hundreds of meters a year. For example, while the level of the Caspian Sea remained stable (1863-1914), the linear growth of the Volga delta was 94 m a year, but between 1930 and 1940, the delta grew by up to 0.7-1 km per year.

Deltas evolving in the apexes of bays are called fill deltas, and those that develop on an open seacoast are called protruding deltas. A number of types of deltas are classified according to the method of formation and the stages of development: cuspate deltas (the Tiber), bird-foot deltas (the Mississippi), obstructed deltas (the Kamchatka), protruding deltas with an open, rounded seaward edge (the Niger), and multi-island deltas (the Volga). When there is a small quantity of sediment and the sea level drops, the river arms dissect the deposits that make up the surface of the estuarine section of land, which is of marine or other origin, and serrated deltas are formed (the Neva).

The deltas of major rivers are often large: the area of the Amazon delta is 100,000 sq km, the Lena delta, 28,500 sq km, and the Volga delta, 19,000 sq km. The fertility of the soils and their moisture make lands of a sizable portion of many deltas very valuable as areas for intensive farming (for example, the deltas of the Nile, the Huang, and the Ganges).

REFERENCES

Samoilov, I. V. Ust’ia rek. Moscow, 1952.
Leont’ev, O. K. Osnovy geomorfologii morskikh beregov i dna. Moscow, 1961.
Zalogin, B. S., and N. A. Rodionov. Ust’evye oblasti rek SSSR. Moscow, 1969.

O. K. LEONT’EV