An iron-core transformer with movable core. A differential transformer produces an electrical output voltage proportional to the displacement of the core. It is used to measure motion and to sense displacements. It is also used in measuring devices for force, pressure, and acceleration which are based on the conversion of the measured variable to a displacement.
Various available configurations, some translational and others rotational, all employ the basic circuit shown in the illustration: a primary winding, two secondary windings, and a movable core. The primary winding is energized with alternating voltage. The two secondary windings are connected in series opposition, so that the transformer output is the difference of the two secondary voltages. When the core is centered, the two secondary voltages are equal and the transformer output is zero. This is the balance or null position. When the core is displaced from the null point, the two secondary voltages are no longer alike and the transformer produces an output voltage. With proper design, the output voltage varies linearly with core position over a small range. Motion of the core in the opposite direction produces a similar effect with 180° phase reversal of the alternating output voltage. See Transducer, Transformer
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