Energia

Energia

 also called RKK Energia formerly OKB-1

Russian aerospace company that is a major producer of spacecraft, rockets, and missiles. Energia originated in 1946 as a department within a Soviet institute conducting work on long-range missiles. Ten years later, under Sergey Korolyov, it became the independent design bureau OKB-1. In the 1950s it developed the R-7 (SS-6), the world's first inter-continental ballistic missile; a modified R-7 placed the first artificial satellite into orbit (see Sputnik). OKB-1 was responsible for the U.S.S.R.'s commanding early lead in the “space race,” although it failed in its secret project to beat the U.S. to a manned Moon landing. In 1974 the conglomerate NPO Energia was created with OKB-1 at its center. A main focus for the company was the development and operation of space stations (see Salyut, Mir). In the early 1990s Energia became the main contractor for the Russian portion of the International Space Station (it provided the station's Zvezda habitat and control module), but its role was later reduced. In 1994 it was renamed RKK Energia and partially privatized. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Energia partnered with multinational satellite launching services, to which it provided its Block DM upper stage for boosting payloads to geostationary orbit.