Hayes, Carlton J. H.

Hayes, Carlton J. H. (Joseph Huntley) (1882–1964) historian, diplomat; born in Afton, N.Y. He took all his degrees at Columbia University (B.A. 1904; M.A. 1905; Ph.D. 1909) and then remained there as a professor (1910–50). He became one of the leading authorities on modern nationalism, writing about it in such works as Essays on Nationalism (1926) and Nationalism: A Religion (1960); he was also the author of a long-standard college history textbook, Political and Social History of Modern Europe (1916, many editions). A convert to Roman Catholicism (1924), he became a cofounder of the National Association of Christians and Jews and was its Catholic cochairman (1928–46). He served as U.S. ambassador to Spain (1942–45), with the express goal of dissuading Spain from assisting the Axis powers; he described this mission in Wartime Mission in Spain (1945).