Higher Plants definition of Higher Plants in the Free Online Encyclopedia.

Higher Plants

(embryonic plants—Embryobionta, Embryophyta; shoot-bearing plants—Cormophyta, Cormobionta; and telomic plants—Telomophyta, Telomobionta), one of the two subkingdoms of the plant world, including at least 300,000 plant species of the groups (divisions) Tracheophyta (Psilophytaceae), Bryophyta (liverworts and mosses), Psilopsida (Psilotum and Tmesipteris), Lycopodiales, Equisetales, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants, or angiosperms. Unlike lower plants, higher plants are complexly differentiated multicellular organisms adapted to life on the ground (with the exception of a few clearly secondary aquatic forms) and characterized by regular alternation of two generations: sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte). Multicellular sporangia, in which fixed spores are formed, develop in the sporophytes of higher plants; sex organs (gametangia) develop in gametophytes. However, in some gymnosperms (the genera Gnetum and Welwitshcia) and all flowering plants gametangia disappeared in the course of evolution.

Sporangia are either identical or, more often, differentiated into two types—microsporangia and megasporangia; but gametangia are always of two types—male (antheridium) and female (archegonium). Antheridia and archegonia are protected by multicellular walls. The female gamete (egg cell) is always single and immobile. In higher plants the zygote develops into a multicellular embryo that passes through the first stages of development inside the female gametophyte. The sporophyte in higher plants is generally divided into three main organs: leaf, stem, and root.

Most higher plants develop special conducting tissue, xylem and phloem, which is reduced in some groups. There is an epidermis with a cuticle and typical stomata. The chlorophyll of higher plants does not contain additional pigments, and the photosynthesizing parts are green. Certain marine algae were the ancestors of the higher plants. Reliable fossil remains of higher plants are known beginning with the Silurian period.

REFERENCES

Golenkin, M. I. Kurs vysshikh rastenii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1937.
Krishtofovich, A. N. Paleobotanika, 4th ed. Leningrad, 1957.
Meier, K. I. Morfogeniia vysshikh rastenii. [Moscow] 1958.
Takhtadzhian, A. L. Vysshie rasteniia, vol. 1. Moscow-Leningrad, 1956.
Kozo-Polianskii, B. M. Kurs sistematiki vysshikh rastenii. Voronezh, 1965.
Lawrence, G. H. M. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. New York [1960].
Engler, A. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12th ed., vols. 1-2. Berlin, 1954-64.
Zimmermann, W. Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen, 2nd ed. Stuttgart, 1959.
Novak, F. A. VySSi rostliny. Prague, 1961.

A. L. TAKHTADZHIAN

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No references found	Bacteria consume food, as do higher plants and animals. How Bacteria Grow and Work by Bill Ronin / Health care industry community Korea) has patented a method for providing transgenic higher plants and transgenic plant cells thereof which have been transformed with a plant translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) gene to improve growth rate in a growth stage-dependent manner, especially in the earlier vegetative growth stage from seedlings to young plants. Korea Kumho Petrochemical obtains United States patent by BIOTECH Patent News The marshes have been studied intensively, in part because their higher plants and animals exhibit a remarkable lack of diversity. Salt marshes: they offer diversity of habitat by Teal, John M. / Oceanus	high-water line high-water lunitidal interval high-water mark high-water platform high-water quadrature high-water springs high-water stand highball Higher Communist Institute of Education higher criticism Higher Education Higher Education National Software Archive Higher Educational Institutions Higher Elementary Schools higher harmonic control higher high water Higher Komsomol School higher low water Higher Mathematics higher mode Higher Nervous Activity higher pair Higher Party School Under the Central Committee of the Communist Party Higher Pedagogical Courses higher plane curve Higher Plants Higher School Higher School of Party Organizers higher than high-level language higher-level language higher-order function higher-order language higher-order macro higher-order software highest common factor highest occupied molecular orbital Highet, Gilbert Highet, Gilbert Arthur Highgate Highgate Cemetery Highland Highland cattle highland climate Highland County Highland fling Highland Games highland glacier highland halftone highland ice Highland Khmers Highland Lakes State Park	Higher Order Logic of Computable Functions Higher Order Loss Higher Order Model Higher Order Multiple Higher Order Operational Techniques in Semantics Higher Order Orthogonal Iteration of Tensors Higher Order Path Higher Order Path Adaptation Higher Order Primal Dual Method Higher Order Rewriting Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory Higher Order Sliding Modes Higher Order Software Higher Order Surface Higher Order Term Higher Order Thinking Higher order thinking skills higher pair Higher Party School Under the Central Committee of the Communist Party Higher Pedagogical Courses Higher Performance Golf Academy Higher Performance Polyethylene higher plane curve Higher plant Higher plant Higher Plants Higher Polyamine Higher Power Higher Professional School of Information Services higher programming language Higher Random Phase Approximation higher rank higher rate Higher Rate of Income Tax Higher Rate of Tax Higher Reasoning Unit Higher Rights of Audience Higher School Higher School Certificate Higher School of Commerce and International Finance Higher School of Economics Higher School of Party Organizers Higher Secondary Higher Secondary Education Higher Secondary Education Board Higher Secondary School Certificate Higher Secondary School Certificate Examination Higher Secondary School Teachers Higher Self Higher Standard Flags

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No references found

Bacteria consume food, as do higher plants and animals.

How Bacteria Grow and Work by Bill Ronin / Health care industry community

Korea) has patented a method for providing transgenic higher plants and transgenic plant cells thereof which have been transformed with a plant translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) gene to improve growth rate in a growth stage-dependent manner, especially in the earlier vegetative growth stage from seedlings to young plants.

Korea Kumho Petrochemical obtains United States patent by BIOTECH Patent News

The marshes have been studied intensively, in part because their higher plants and animals exhibit a remarkable lack of diversity.

Salt marshes: they offer diversity of habitat by Teal, John M. / Oceanus

high-water line

high-water lunitidal interval

high-water mark

high-water platform

high-water quadrature

high-water springs

high-water stand

highball

Higher Communist Institute of Education