Hyderabad

Hyderabad, former state and modern city, India

Hyderabad (hī`dərəbăd'), former princely state, S central India. The former princedom of Hyderabad is now divided among the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. The Mughal empire conquered Hyderabad in the late 17th cent. In 1724 the viceroy Nizam-al-Mulk, founder of the last royal line, became its independent ruler. Later nizams (rulers) sought to maintain their independence, but the dynasty was forced to accede to British protection in 1798. In 1903, Berar, then the northernmost section of the state, was transferred to British administration. When India was partitioned (1947), the nizam, one of India's most important Muslim princes, wished to remain independent. Some 80% of Hyderabad's inhabitants were Hindu, however. After a series of religious battles, allegedly staged by India, the Indian army invaded Hyderabad in 1948. The population, in a plebiscite, endorsed accession to India. Hyderabad became a state in 1950 but was partitioned among neighboring states in 1956. The nizam, forced to renounce nearly all of his fortune, was removed from power.

Hyderabad, city (1991 pop. 4,344,437), former capital of Hyderabad and now capital of Andhra Pradesh, was founded as a fort (named Bhagyanagar) in 1589 by the ruler of the Golconda kingdom. An administrative and commercial center and a transportation hub, the city has fine ancient structures, notably the Charminar (1591) and the Old Bridge (1593). Several scientific technical institutes have been set up, including the National Geophysical Institute and the Remote Sensing Agency, making Hyderabad a science and technology center. A number of information technology businesses have offices there. It is also the seat of Osmania Univ. and of the Central Univ. of Hyderabad. The former British cantonment of Secunderabad is now a twin city.

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Hyderabad, city, Pakistan

Hyderabad, city (1998 pop. 1,151,274), Sind prov., S Pakistan. Pakistan's fourth largest city, it has long been noted for its embroideries, precious-metal goods, and cutlery. It now has industries in food processing, textiles, hosiery, cement, cigarettes, glass, soap, paper, leather goods, and plastics. Founded in 1768 by Ghulam Shah Kalhora, Hyderabad was laid out by his son, Sarfaraz Khan, in 1782 and was the capital of the emirs of Sind. The British East India Company occupied Hyderabad when the Sind became a British protectorate in 1839. In the city are the Univ. of Sind and 32 affiliated colleges. Umarkot, birthplace of the great Mughal emperor Akbar, is nearby.

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Hyderabad

City (pop., 2001: 3,637,483), capital of Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. Founded by the sultans of Golconda in the 16th century, the town was plundered and destroyed following the Mughal occupation in 1685. In 1724 it became the capital of the independent kingdom of Hyderabad. A walled city, it has many buildings in a blend of Hindu and Muslim styles. Adjacent Secunderabad grew as a British cantonment, connected to Hyderabad by an embankment 1 mi (1.6 km) long. It is the site of Osmania University (1918) and the University of Hyderabad (1974).

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Hyderabad

 or Haydarabad

City (pop., 2005 est.: urban agglom., 1,392,000), Sind province, Pakistan. Located east of the Indus River, it was founded in 1768 by Ghulam Shah Kalhora. It remained the capital of Sind until 1843, when it surrendered to the British and the capital was transferred to Karachi. It is now a transportation, commercial, and industrial centre. Notable antiquities include the tombs and palaces of former rulers; characteristic of the city are badgirs (“wind-catchers”) fixed to housetops to catch sea breezes during the hot season.

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Hyderabad

Former princely state, south-central India. Originally part of the kingdom of Golconda, it was brought into the Mughal Empire in 1687. The independent kingdom of Hyderabad was founded by Nizam ul-Mulk in 1724. In 1798 it was placed under British protection, although the nizams (rulers) continued to rule over their princely state. At Indian partition in 1947, the nizam chose to resume Hyderabad's independent status, but India invaded the state (1948) and took control. The area is now divided among the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.

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Hyderabad

1. a city in S central India, capital of Andhra Pradesh state and capital of former Hyderabad state; university (1918). Pop.: 3 449 878 (2001)

2. a former state of S India: divided in 1956 between the states of Andhra Pradesh, Mysore, and Maharashtra

3. a city in SW Pakistan, on the River Indus: seat of the University of Sind (1947). Pop.: 1 392 000 (2005 est.)

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Hyderabad 

one of the largest princely states in India from 1724 to 1950; a state in the Indian Union from 1950 to 1956. Area, 215,005 sq km (1951). Population, 18.7 million (1951). The princely state encompassed territories inhabited by speakers of such languages as Telugu, Marathi, and Kannada.

Hyderabad arose as a result of the decline of the Great Moguls’ power. In 1724, Nizam-ul-Mulk (Regulator of the State), the vicegerent of the Mogul domains of Bijapur and Golconda, proclaimed himself the independent ruler of a state comprising these areas. In 1768, however, the nizam who was then ruling the area was forced to sign a subsidiary treaty with the East India Company (seeSUBSIDIARY TREATY). As a result of this agreement, Hyderabad lost the right to defend itself and to conduct its own foreign policy. In 1778 a British resident was assigned to the state.

India gained its independence in 1947; under pressure from the masses, the nizam signed an agreement in 1948 on the accession of Hyderabad to the Indian Union. In 1950, in accordance with the constitution, Hyderabad became a state in the union, and the nizam was made rajpramukh (head of the executive branch of the state government). In 1956 the state of Hyderabad was abolished as a result of an administrative reform. Its territory was incorporated into the states of Andhra Pradesh, Mysore, and Bombay, which was itself divided in 1960 into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The nizam retained his real property and treasures; he was also granted a pension, but such pensions were abolished in the early 1970’s.

REFERENCES

Deviatkina, T. F. Likvidatsiia kniazhestv v sovremmenoi Indii. Moscow, 1961.
White Paper on Indian States. New Delhi. 1950.
Menon, V. P. The Story of the Integration of the Indian States. Bombay, 1956.

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Hyderabad 

a city in India, situated on the Musi River. Capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Population, 1.8 million (1971). Hyderabad is a transportation junction and a commercial and industrial center of southern India. Its industries include machine building—especially the construction of locomotives and railroad cars in the suburbs—and the manufacture of textiles, leather goods, food products, pharmaceuticals, glass, cigarettes, and paper. Cottage industry includes the production of household articles, fabrics, and finely crafted articles. Osmania University is located in the city.

Hyderabad was founded in 1589 as the capital of Golconda. From 1724 to 1950 it was the capital of the princely state of Hyderabad and the residence of the nizams; from 1950 to 1956 it was the capital of the state of Hyderabad, and since 1956 it has been the capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh.

The Mecca Masjid (17th century), the city’s most important mosque, is one of the most outstanding examples of architecture in Hyderabad. Many new buildings have been erected in the 20th century, including the Osmania University complex (begun in 1918;. finished in the 1960’s), a theater (1962, architects M. Faiyazzadin and others), and many industrial, business, commercial, and residential buildings. To the west of Hyderabad is the fortress of Golconda (16th—17th centuries); it includes a complex of domed mausoleums in which the rulers of Golconda are buried. The Salar Jung Museum, which houses works of European and Eastern art, and an archaeological museum containing local relics are also located in Hyderabad.

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Hyderabad 

a city in Pakistan, on the Indus River. Capital of the province of Sind. Population, 624,000 (1972). Hyderabad is a river port and an important railroad and highway junction. A natural-gas pipeline runs from the city to Sui. Hyderabad is a center of the textile industry. It also has enterprises for the manufacture of leather goods, footwear, chemical products, food products, agricultural machinery, and ships. The city produces handicrafts, including woven goods, jewelry, and pottery. The University of Sind is located in Hyderabad.