Java

Java (jä`və), island (1990 pop. 107,525,520), c.51,000 sq mi (132,090 sq km), Indonesia, S of Borneo, from which it is separated by the Java Sea, and SE of Sumatra across Sunda Strait. Although Java is the fifth largest island of Indonesia, constituting only one seventh of the country's total area, it contains two thirds of the country's population; it is one of the most densely populated regions in the world. For centuries it has been the cultural, political, and economic center of the area. In Java are the republic's capital and largest city, Jakarta, and the second and third largest cities, Surabaya and Bandung. Tanjungpriok is the chief port, and Yogyakarta and Surakarta are cultural centers.

Land and People

A chain of active volcanic mountains, most densely forested with teak, palms, and other woods, traverses the length of the island from east to west; Mt. Semeru rises to 12,060 ft (3,676 m). There are almost two million acres of planted teak forests; although Java contains only about 3% of the country's forest land, it accounts for much of its timber production. The climate is warm and humid, the volcanic soil exceptionally fertile. There are elaborate irrigation systems supplied by the island's numerous short, turbulent rivers. Found mostly in the interior are such animals as tigers, rhinoceroses, and crocodiles; birds of brilliant plumage are numerous.

Java was a home of early humans (see human evolution); on it were found (1891) the fossilized remains of the so-called Java man, Pithecanthropus erectus. The typically Malayan inhabitants of the island comprise the Javanese (the most numerous), Sudanese, and Madurese. Numerous Chinese and Arabs live in the cities. Like Bali, Java is known for its highly developed arts. There is a rich literature, and the wayang, or shadow play, employing puppets and musical accompaniment, is an important dramatic form. Java has many state and private institutions of higher learning; most are in Jakarta, but Bandung, Bogor, Yogyakarta, and Surabaya all have several universities.

Economy

Most of Indonesia's sugarcane and kapok are grown in Java. Rubber, tea, coffee, tobacco, cacao, and cinchona are produced in highland plantations. Rice is the chief small-farm crop. Cattle are raised in the east. In the northeast are important oil fields; tin, gold, silver, copper, coal, manganese, phosphate, and sulfur are mined. Most of the country's manufacturing establishments are in Java. Industry is centered chiefly in Jakarta and Surabaya, but Bandung is a noted textile center.

History

Early in the Christian era Indians began colonizing Java, and by the 7th cent. "Indianized" kingdoms were dominant in both Java and Sumatra. The Sailendra dynasty (760–860 in Java) unified the Sumatran and Javan kingdoms and built in Java the magnificent Buddhist temple Borobudur. From the 10th to the 15th cent., E Java was the center of Hindu-Javanese culture. The high point of Javanese history was the rise of the powerful Hindu-Javanese state of Majapahit (founded 1293), which extended its rule over much of Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula. Islam, which had been introduced in the 13th cent., peacefully spread its influence, and the new Muslim state of Mataram emerged in the 16th cent.

Following the Portuguese, the Dutch arrived in 1596, and in 1619 the Dutch East India Company established its chief post in Batavia (now Jakarta), thence gradually absorbing the native states into which the once-powerful Javanese empire had disintegrated. Between 1811 and 1815, Java was briefly under British rule headed by Sir Thomas S. Raffles, who instituted certain reforms. The Dutch ignored these when they returned to power, resorting to a system of enforced labor, which, along with harsh methods of exploitation, led to a native uprising (1825–30) under Prince Diponegoro; the Dutch subsequently adopted a more humane approach.

In the early phase of World War II, Java was left open to Japanese invasion by the disastrous Allied defeat in the battle of the Java Sea in Feb., 1942; Java was occupied by the Japanese until the end of the war. After the war the island was the scene of much fighting between Dutch and Indonesian forces, with the Indonesians declaring independence in 1945. In 1946 the Dutch occupied many of the key cities, and Yogyakarta was the provisional capital of the Republic of Indonesia from 1949 to 1950. Java now constitutes three provinces of Indonesia—West, Central, and East Java—as well as the autonomous districts of Yogyakarta and Jakarta. Overcrowding on Java led to the government's policy of "transmigration," in which farmers were relocated to less populated Indonesian islands. An earthquake in May, 2006, centered near the coast S of Yogyakarta, killed some 5,800 people and injured more than 36,000.

Bibliography

See C. Geertz, The Religion of Java (1960); C. Day, The Dutch in Java (1904, repr. 1966); B. R. Anderson, Java in a Time of Revolution (1972); R. M. Koentjaraningrat, Javanese Culture (1989).

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Java

 or Djawa or Jawa

Island (pop., 2005 prelim.: 127,679,800), Indonesia. Lying southeast of Sumatra, it is Indonesia's fourth largest island, and it contains more than half of the country's population. Its area, including offshore islands, is 49,255 sq mi (127,570 sq km). The capital of Java and of Indonesia is Jakarta. The island's highest point is Mount Semeru, an active volcano reaching an elevation of 12,060 ft (3,676 m). It is inhabited by three major ethnic groups: the Javanese (who constitute the bulk of the population), the Sundanese, and the Madurese. The fossilized remains of Homo erectus, or “Java man,” indicate that the island was occupied some 800,000 years ago. Indian traders began arriving in the 1st century AD, bringing Hindu influences. The Majapahit dynasty was founded in eastern Java in 1293; it fell early in the 16th century when Muslim kingdoms arose. In 1619 the Dutch East India Company took control of Batavia (Jakarta) and extended its influence. Ruled by the Dutch until the 1940s when it was occupied by Japan, it became part of newly independent Indonesia in 1950.

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Java

Modular object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in 1995 specifically for the Internet. Java is based on the idea that the same software should run on many different kinds of computers, consumer gadgets, and other devices; its code is translated according to the needs of the machine on which it is running. The most visible examples of Java software are the interactive programs called “applets” that animate sites on the World Wide Web, where Java is a standard creative tool. Java provides an interface to HTML.

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An object-oriented programming language that is platform independent (the same Java program runs on all hardware platforms without modification). Developed by Sun, Java is widely used on the Web for both client and server processing. Modeled after C++, Java added programming enhancements such as "garbage collection," which automatically frees unused memory. It was also designed to run in small amounts of memory. The first Web browsers to run Java were Sun's HotJava and Netscape Navigator 2.0.

Applets, Applications and Servlets
Java programs can be called from Web pages or run stand alone. When launched from a Web page, the program is called a Java "applet." When a non Web-based Java program is run on a user's machine, it is a Java "application." When running in a Web server, it is a Java "servlet."

Intermediate Bytecode
The source code of a Java program is compiled into an intermediate language called "bytecode," which can reside on any hardware platform. In order to run the bytecode, it must be compiled into machine code either ahead of time like a C/C++ program, just before it is needed (see JIT compiler) or via a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is a line-at-a-time interpreter. There are compilers and JVMs for all major hardware platforms, and the intermediate bytecode is what makes Java machine independent.

Java Vs. JavaScript
Java is a full-blown programming language, whereas JavaScript is a scripting language that is much more limited in scope. JavaScript source code is not compiled into bytecode. It is embedded within an HTML page and is primarily used to manipulate elements on the page itself. For example, JavaScript is widely used to provide drop-down menus and other interactive events on the page. See JavaScript.

A Revolution?
Java was originally developed in 1991 as a language for embedded applications such as those used in set-top boxes and other consumer-oriented devices. It became the fuel to ignite a revolution in thinking when Sun transitioned it to the Web in 1994. Java is a full-blown programming language like C and C++ and allows for the creation of sophisticated applications. Thus far, Java applications and applets have been mildly successful at the client side, but Java on the server has become very popular. Sun's J2EE enterprise model has become an application server standard (see J2EE).

Write Once-Run Anywhere
Java embodies the "write once-run anywhere" model, which has been one of the Holy Grails of computing for decades. For example, a J2EE server application can be replicated from a Unix server to a Windows server and vice versa with relative ease. Sometimes, a little tweaking is necessary; sometimes a lot, but Java is closer to "write once-run anywhere" than any development platform in the past. See Java platform, servlet, JSP, Java 2, Jini, network computer, CaffeineMark and caffeine based.

The following Java example of changing Fahrenheit to Celsius is rather wordy compared to the C example in this Encyclopedia. Java is designed for GUI-based applications, and several extra lines of code are necessary here to allow input from a terminal.

 import java.io.*;
 class Convert {
   public static void main(String[]args)
    throws IOException {
     float fahr;
     StreamTokenizer in=new StreamTokenizer(new
                     InputStreamReader(System.in));
     System.out.print("Enter Fahrenheit ");
     in.nextToken();
     fahr = (float) in.nval;
     System.out.println ("Celsius is " + 
                                   (fahr-32)*5/9);
  }
 }

Java Uses an Intermediate Language

Java source code is compiled into an intermediate language called "bytecode." The bytecode can be run in any hardware that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for that machine platform. Thus, the "write once-run anywhere" concept.

Java Runs on Clients and Servers

When a Java program has been called by a Web page from the client machine, it is dubbed an "applet." When it runs on the server, it is known as a "servlet." When running stand alone in a user's computer, it is a Java "application."

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(programming, language, portability)

Java - (After the Indonesian island, a source of programming fluid) A simple, object-oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture-neutral, portable, multithreaded, dynamic, buzzword-compliant, general-purpose programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990's (initially for set-top television controllers), and released to the public in 1995. Java first became popular by being the earliest portable dynamic client-side content for the World-Wide Web in the form of platform-independent Java "applets". In the late 1990's and into the 2000's it has also become very popular on the server side, where an entire set of APIs defines the J2EE. Java is both a set of public specifications (controlled by Sun Microsystems through the JCP) and a series of implementations of those specifications. Java is syntactially similar to C++ without user-definable operator overloading, (though it does have method overloading), without multiple inheritance, and extensive automatic coercions. It has automatic garbage collection. Java extends C++'s object-oriented facilities with those of Objective C for dynamic method resolution. Whereas programs in C++ and similar languages are compiled and linked to platform-specific binary executables, Java programs are typically compiled to portable architecture-neutral bytecode or ".class" files, which are run using a Java Virtual Machine. The JVM is also called an interpreter, though it is more correct to say that it uses Just-In-Time Compilation to convert the bytecode into native machine code, yielding greater efficiency than most interpreted languages, rivalling C++ for many long-running, non-GUI applications. The run-time system is typically written in POSIX-compliant ANSI C or C++. Some implementations allow Java class files to be translated into native machine code during or after compilation. The Java compiler and linker both enforce strong type checking - procedures must be explicitly typed. Java supports the creation of virus-free, tamper-free systems with authentication based on public-key encryption. Java has an extensive library of routines for all kinds of programming tasks, rivalling that of other languages. For example, the "java.net} package supports TCP/IP protocols like HTTP and FTP. Java applications can access objects across the Internet via URLs almost as easily as on the local file system. There are also capabilities for several types of distributed applications. The Java GUI libraries provide portable interfaces. For example, there is an abstract Window class and implementations of it for Unix, Microsoft Windows and the Macintosh. The "java.awt" and "javax.swing" classes can be used either in Web-based "Applets" or in client-side or "desktop" applications. There are also packages for developing XML applications, web services, servlets and other web applications, security, date and time calculations and I/O formatting, database (JDBC), and many others. Java is not directly related to JavaScript despite the name. http://java.sun.com/. Usenet newsgroup: news:comp.lang.java.