epistemology (ĭpĭs'təmŏl`əjē) [Gr.,=knowledge or science], the branch of philosophy that is directed toward theories of the sources, nature, and limits of knowledge. Since the 17th cent. epistemology has been one of the fundamental themes of philosophers, who were necessarily obliged to coordinate the theory of knowledge with developing scientific thought. Réné Descartes Descartes, René , Lat. Renatus Cartesius, 1596–1650, French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, b. La Haye. Descartes' methodology was a major influence in the transition from medieval science and philosophy to the modern era.
..... Click the link for more information. and other philosophers (e.g., Baruch Spinoza, G. W. Leibniz, and Blaise Pascal) sought to retain the belief in the existence of innate (a priori) ideas together with an acceptance of the values of data and ideas derived from experience (a posteriori). This position was basically that of rationalism rationalism [Lat.,=belonging to reason], in philosophy, a theory that holds that reason alone, unaided by experience, can arrive at basic truth regarding the world.
..... Click the link for more information. . Opposed to it later was empiricism empiricism [Gr.,=experience], philosophical doctrine that all knowledge is derived from experience. For most empiricists, experience includes inner experience—reflection upon the mind and its operations—as well as sense perception.
..... Click the link for more information. , notably as expounded by John Locke, David Hume, and John Stuart Mill, which denied the existence of innate ideas altogether. The impressive critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant Kant, Immanuel , 1724–1804, German metaphysician, one of the greatest figures in philosophy, b. Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia). Early Life and Works

..... Click the link for more information. had immense effects in an attempt to combine the two views. In later theories the split was reflected in idealism and materialism. The causal theory of knowledge, advanced by Alfred North Whitehead Whitehead, Alfred North, 1861–1947, English mathematician and philosopher, grad. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1884. There he was a lecturer in mathematics until 1911. At the Univ.
..... Click the link for more information. and others, stressed the role of the nervous system as intermediary between an object and the perception of it. The methods of perceiving, obtaining, and validating data derived from sense experience has been central to pragmatism pragmatism , method of philosophy in which the truth of a proposition is measured by its correspondence with experimental results and by its practical outcome.
..... Click the link for more information. , with the teachings of C. S. Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. Sir Karl Popper Popper, Sir Karl Raimund, 1902–94, Anglo-Austrian philosopher, b. Vienna. He became familiar with the Vienna circle of logical positivists (see logical positivism) while a student at the Univ. of Vienna (Ph.D., 1928). He taught at Canterbury Univ.
..... Click the link for more information. developed the view that scientific knowledge rests on hypotheses that, while they cannot be positively verified, can be proven false and have withstood repeated attempts to show that they are. Philosophers in the 20th cent. have criticized and revised the traditional view that knowledge is justified true belief. A springboard for their research has been the thesis that all knowledge is theory-laden.

Bibliography

See A. D. Woozley, Theory of Knowledge (1949, repr. 1966); J. Dancy, Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology (1985); A. J. Ayer, The Problem of Knowledge (1956, repr. 1988).

epistemology

Study of the origin, nature, and limits of human knowledge. Nearly every great philosopher has contributed to the epistemological literature. Some historically important issues in epistemology are: (1) whether knowledge of any kind is possible, and if so what kind; (2) whether some human knowledge is innate (i.e., present, in some sense, at birth) or whether instead all significant knowledge is acquired through experience (see empiricism; rationalism); (3) whether knowledge is inherently a mental state (see behaviourism); (4) whether certainty is a form of knowledge; and (5) whether the primary task of epistemology is to provide justifications for broad categories of knowledge claim or merely to describe what kinds of things are known and how that knowledge is acquired. Issues related to (1) arise in the consideration of skepticism, radical versions of which challenge the possibility of knowledge of matters of fact, knowledge of an external world, and knowledge of the existence and natures of other minds.

epistemology

the theory of knowledge, esp the critical study of its validity, methods, and scope
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No references found			When Matthew looks at the one real barn along his route, he forms the allegedly justified true belief, 'There's a barn over there. The Solution to Gettier Problem by salahuddin sadi / Philosophy and religion community A short epistemological test for holding a justified true belief in god There are various kinds of knowledge: knowing how to do something, knowing someone in person, and knowing a place or a city. The God Proposition Tested by Artis Brazee / Philosophy and religion community			jury-rigged Jurymen's Court Jushab-hesed Jusserand, Jean Jules Jussieu Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Bernard de Just a Bunch Of Disks Just for Laughs Festival just scale just ton just tuning just war theory Just, Ernest E. just-in-time just-in-time manufacturing just-noticeable difference just-perceptible difference Justice Justice and Liberty justice of the peace Justice of the Peace Court Justice, Administration of Justice, United States Department of justification Justified true belief justify justifying space justifying typewriter Justin Justin I Justin II Justin Martyr Justin Martyr, Saint Justin Morgan Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail State Park Justinas Marcinkevicius Justinas Vinco Vienožinskis Justinas Vinco Vienozinskis Justinian Justinian I Justinian II Justinian, Code Justinus, Marcus Junianus Justo Rufino Barrios Justo Sierra Justo, Agustín Pedro Justo, Juan Bautista Justus Justus Moser Justus Möser			Justification, Approval & Acquisition Documentation Justification-Based Truth Maintenance System Justification/Cost Form justifications justifications justifications Justifications & Findings justificative justificative Justificator Justificators justificatory justificatory justificatory justificatory excuse justified justified justified justified justified Justified Ancients of Mu Mu Justified Ancients of Mu-Mu Justified Ancients of Mummu Justified Arsons Justified price Justified price Justified price Justified Prices Justified Prices Justified Prices Justified true belief Justified Use of Military Power Justified War Theory justifiedly justifier justifier justifier justifiers justifiers justifiers justifies justifies justifies justifies justify justify justify justify justify by justify to Justify Your Existence Justify, Plan, Activate, Control and End justifying justifying justifying justifying Justifying bail justifying space justifying typewriter Justin Justin

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epistemology

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