..... Click the link for more information. , the capital, and Osh are the chief cities.
Land and People, and Government
Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous country in the Tian Shan and Pamir systems, rising to 24,409 ft (7,440 m) at Pobeda Peak on the Chinese border. Ninety-four percent of the country is over 3,300 ft (1,000 m) above sea level, with an average elevation of 9,020 ft (2,750 m). Lake Issyk-Kul lies in the northeast. The climate is extremely continental with great regional variations. The Kyrgyz, a Sunni Muslim, Turkic-speaking pastoral people, constitute more than half of the population; the rest are Russians (about 18% of the people), Uzbeks (more than 10%), Ukrainians, Germans, and other minorities. About two thirds of the population is rural. Kyrgyz and Russian are both official languages. The Kyrgyz State National Univ. was established in 1951 and the Kyrgyzstan Academy of Sciences in 1954; by the late 1990s there were over 20 universities in the country.
Government
Kyrgyzstan was the first of the Central Asian republics to acquire democratic institutions. Governed under the constitution of 1993 as amended, it has a unicameral parliament consisting of the 75-member Jogorku Kenesh (Supreme Council); members are elected for five-year terms. The president, elected by popular vote for a five-year term, is head of state. The country is divided into six administrative regions and the capital area.
Economy
Kyrgyzstan has rich pasturage for goats, sheep, cattle, and horses. Over 80% of the cultivated area is irrigated. Cotton, potatoes, sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables, fruit, and grapes are grown; sericulture is carried on, and grain crops are cultivated in the nonirrigated areas. The Kyrgyz have traditionally excelled in wood carving, carpet weaving, and jewelry making. Kyrgyzstan has deposits of antimony, gold, molybdenum, tin, coal, tungsten, mercury, uranium, petroleum, and natural gas. Industries include food processing, sugar refining, nonferrous metallurgy, and the manufacture of agricultural machinery, textiles, building materials, appliances, furniture, and electric motors. The leading exports are cotton, wool, meat, tobacco, metals (particularly gold, mercury, uranium, and steel), hydropower, and machinery; chief imports are grain, lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, and fuel. The main trading partners are other former Soviet republics and China. In 1998, Kyrgyzstan became the first former Soviet republic to join the World Trade Organization.
History
Formerly known as the Kara [black] Kyrgyz to distinguish them from the Kazakhs (at one time called Kirghiz or Kyrgyz), the Kyrgyz migrated to Kyrgyzstan from the region of the upper Yenisei, where they had lived from the 7th to the 17th cent. The area came under the rule of the Kokand Kokand or Khokand (both: kəkänt`), city (1991 pop. 182,000), E Uzbekistan, in the Fergana Valley.
..... Click the link for more information. khanate in the 19th cent. and was gradually annexed by Russia between 1855 and 1876. The nomadic Kyrgyz resisted conscription into the czarist army in 1916, leading to an uprising in which 100,000 and perhaps many more died and many fled to China. The Kyrgyz also fought the establishment of Bolshevik control from 1917 to 1921. As a result of war devastation, there was a famine in 1921–22 in which over 500,000 Kyrgyz died. The area was formed into the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Region within the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic in 1924, becoming an autonomous republic in 1926 and a constituent republic in 1936.
In 1990, Askar Akayev, president of the republic's Academy of Sciences and a non-Communist, was elected president by the legislature. After fighting off an attempted coup in 1991, the government declared Kyrgyzstan independent of the Soviet Union. Kyrgyzstan subsequently became a member of the Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), community of independent nations established by a treaty signed at Minsk, Belarus, on Dec. 8, 1991, by the heads of state of Russia , Belarus , and Ukraine . Between Dec. 8 and Dec.
..... Click the link for more information. , and a new consitutution was approved.
Akayev, who remained president, fostered ties with China and other neighboring nations and initiated an ambitious program of free-market reforms. He retained his post in the 1995 elections, which were denounced by opposition leaders but given guarded support by UN observers. Also in 1995, Kyrgyzstan, along with Belarus and Kazakhstan, signed a pact with Russia providing for close economic cooperation. In 1996, Akayev won a referendum on amending the constitution to increase the presidency's powers. Islamic militants seized several towns near the border with Tajikistan (where a civil war began in 1992) in 1999, and in 2000 Kyrgyzstani forces fought Uzbek guerrillas based in Tajikistan that had infiltrated into the Fergana Valley. Akayev was reelected president in Oct., 2000, in a contest that observers said was marred by intimidation and ballot fraud. A Feb., 2003, referendum approved constitutional changes and affirmed Akayev's current term in office. The vote was prompted by unrest prior to 2003, but the constitutional changes and outcome of the vote were denounced by those opposed to Akayev.
The 2005 elections for parliament ended in a lopsided victory for Akayev's supporters, a result that sparked unrest in a nation already beset by persistent poverty and corruption. In March, opposition demonstrators seized control of the southern cities and regions of Jalal-Abad and Osh, and the uprising spread to Bishkek. Akayev fled the country for Russia (and officially resigned the following month), and Kurmanbek Bakiyev, a former prime minister who had resigned in 2002 and then opposed Akayev, was appointed prime minister and acting president. Despite the supreme court's annulment of the elections, the departing parliament decided to accept the results, and the new legislators took office.
In the months leading up to the July, 2005, presidential election, the country experienced an increased level of civil unrest as the provisional government struggled somewhat to establish its control, and the unrest continued sporadically through the rest of 2005. The July vote resulted in a landslide victory for Bakiyev, who had agreed in May to appoint his most significant political rival—Felix Kulov, the provisional government's former security services coordinator—as prime minister. Kulov was confirmed as prime minister in September.
At the end of 2005, the political situation remained somewhat tenuous, with the president seeking to consolidate his power and influence despite his pledge to reduce his powers and parliament seeking to increase the prime minister's powers. Corruption and crime, meanwhile, had become worse than it had been under Akayev; reform efforts stalled; and by 2006 interethnic tensions and violence appeared to be increasing. Increased antiterror operations in S Kyrgyzstan, directed mainly against Uzbeks, appeared in part designed to suppress an Uzbek campaign for enlarged civil rights and aggravated ethnic strains.
Unhappiness with Bakiyev led to several large demonstrations against him in 2006, and a loss of support in parliament. In May, 13 government ministers resigned after being criticized by the parliament, but then remained in office after meeting with the president. Omurbek Tekebayev, a former parliament speaker and opposition leader, was arrested in Poland in Sept., 2006, on drug charges, then was released when the heroin was determined to have been planted. The president's brother and the deputy director of the state security service were implicated in affair, which was seen as a government effort to discredit its opponents.
The president and parliament continued to joust over constitutional reform, with each side preferring that it have the stronger powers in any new national charter. In November, however, after a week of opposition demonstrations in the capital, parliament passed a compromise constitution that reduced the president's powers, and the president signed it. In December, Prime Minister Kulov's government resigned, ostensibly to accelerate the election of a parliament under the new constitution so that the new parliament might elect the prime minister (as required under the new constitution), but parliament subsequently adopted revisions to the November constitution that restored some of the president's lost powers and also allowed the president to appoint a new cabinet until a new parliament was elected. Bakiyev then twice appointed Kulov prime minister, but parliament refused to approve the choice. In late Jan., 2007, a compromise choice, Azim Isabekov, the agriculture minister, was appointed prime minister and confirmed, but he resigned in March after the opposition, who had become increasing critical of the government, refused to join in a coalition. Bakiyev then appointed opposition politician Almaz Atambayev as prime minister, but many in the opposition continued to resist joining a coalition government, mounting demonstrations instead and calling for the president to resign and parliament to dissolve.
Bibliography
See S. Akinev, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union (1986).
Kyrgyzstan
officially Kyrgyz Republic)
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Kyrgyzstan, Kirghizstan, Kirgizstan
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