Kosovo (redirected from Kosova State)

Kosovo or Kosovo-Metohija (kô`sôvô-mĕtô`khēä), Albanian Kosova, Serbo-Croatian Kosovo i Metohija and Kosmet, province (2002 est. pop. 1,900,000), 4,126 sq mi (10,686 sq km), S Serbia. Priština is the chief city. The largely mountainous region includes the fertile valleys of Kosovo and Metohija and is drained by tributaries of the Morava (Velika Morava) and Drin rivers. Agriculture, stock raising, forestry, and mining are the major occupations. Kosovo's population before 1999 was about 80% Albanian; ethnic Albanians now make up about 88% of the inhabitants.

Settled by the Slavs in the 7th cent., the region passed to Bulgaria in the 9th cent. and to Serbia in the 12th cent. From 1389 to 1913, it was under Turkish rule. Partitioned in 1913 between Serbia and Montenegro, it was incorporated into Yugoslavia after World War I. Following World War II, Kosovo became an autonomous region within Serbia. In 1990, demands for greater autonomy were rebuffed by Serbia, which rescinded its autonomous status. Albanians were repressed and Serbian migration into the region encouraged; in response Albanians pressed for Kosovo's complete independence.

Harsh Serbian repression and a breakdown in negotiations to settle the issue provoked NATO into attacking Serbia by air in Mar., 1999. Serbia responded by forcing hundreds of thousands of ethnic Albanians to flee Kosovo, creating an enormous refugee problem; perhaps 1.5 million Albanian Kosovars were expelled from their homes or fled. An estimated 7,000 to 10,000 Kosovars were killed by Serbian forces. An agreement resulted in the end of the bombing campaign and withdrawal of Serbian forces from Kosovo in June, and NATO peacekeepers entered the province. Many Serbs fled; those that remain are largely in areas bordering Serbia proper.

In municipal elections in 2000, Ibrahim Rugova's moderate independence party, the Democratic League of Kosovo, won 60% of the vote; Serbs boycotted the polls. The 2001 elections for the provincial assembly, in which Rugova's party won 46% of the vote, saw greater Serbian participation. Differences between Albanian parties delayed the formation of a government until Mar., 2002, when a power-sharing agreement led to the election of Rugova as president. Real power, however, resides with the UN adminstration that was imposed after NATO forces entered Kosovo.

The process of rebuilding has been slow and marred by retaliatory Albanian attacks on Serbs and other non-Albanians. In Mar., 2004, there was a major outbreak of anti-Serb rioting that many observers believe was orchestrated to drive Serbs from areas of mixed population. Assembly elections in Oct., 2004, resulted in a plurality for Rugova's party, which formed a coalition government with Rugova as president. Kosovo's Serbs largely boycotted the vote.

Rugova survived an assassination attempt in Mar., 2005. Rugova died in Jan., 2006; the following month, Fatmir Sejdiu, a law professor and assembly deputy, was elected to succeed Rugova as president. In 2006 Serbia and Kosovo began discussing the provinces final status, but any quick resolution seemed unlikely. The vast majority of the Albanians favor independence, a solution that continues to be rejected by Serbia, which adopted a new constitution in Nov., 2006, that calls Kosovo an inalienable part of Serbia.

In Mar., 2007, after months of talks that failed to yield a compromise, UN envoy Martti Ahtisaari presented a proposal for Kosovo's eventual independence to the UN Security Council. Serbia strongly opposed the plan. Russia, a historical Serbian ally, called for an agreemeent acceptable to both sides, making it likely that a final plan would not be quickly adopted.

At

Kosovo Field, Serbo-Croatian Kosovo Polje [field of the black birds], the Turks under Sultan Murad I defeated Serbia and its Bosnian, Montenegrin, Bulgarian, and other allies in 1389. Before the battle Milosh Obilich, a Serb, posing as a deserter, was taken into the tent of Murad, whom he stabbed to death; he was immediately slain, as was Prince Lazar of Serbia after being captured. The battle of Kosovo Field broke the power of Serbia and Bulgaria, which soon passed under Ottoman rule. The battle figures prominently in Serbian poetry. In another battle on the site in 1448, Sultan Murad II defeated an army led by John Hunyadi. The harsh repression of Albanian separatist movements by the Serb government was due in part to the historical significance placed on Kosovo Field by Serb nationalists.

Bibliography

See S. K. Pavlowitch, The Albanian Problem in Yugoslavia (1982); N. Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (1998); M. Vickers, Between Serb and Albanian (1998); T. Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge (2000).

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Kosovo

 Albanian Kosova, Serbian Kosovo i Metohija

Self-declared independent country (pop., 2005 est.: 2,502,000), formerly a province of Serbia. It occupies an area of 4,203 sq mi (10,887 sq km); its administrative capital is Priština. Before 1999, ethnic Albanians (most of whom are Muslim) made up about four-fifths of its population, with Serbs (mostly Christian) accounting for the bulk of the remainder. Kosovo was an autonomous region until 1989, when Serbia took control of Kosovo's administration, prompting protests from the region's Albanian population, which in 1990 voted to secede from Yugoslavia. Serbia responded by tightening its control of Kosovo, which led to the Kosovo conflict. The region was administered by the UN from 1999 until Kosovo declared independence in 2008.

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Kosovo, Kosova

an autonomous province of Serbia and Montenegro, in SW Serbia: chiefly Albanian in population since the 13th century, it declared independence in 1990; Serb suppression of separatists escalated to a policy of ethnic cleansing in 1998, provoking NATO airstrikes against Serbia in 1999: now under UN administration: mainly a plateau. Capital: Pristina. Pop.: 2 325 000 (2001 est.). Area: 10 887 sq. km (4203 sq. miles)

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Kosovo 

(formerly Kosovo-Metohija), an autonomous region in Yugoslavia; part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia. Area, 10,900 sq km; population, 1,240,000 (1971). Capital, Priština. Most of the region’s territory is occupied by the large basins of Kosovo Polje and Metohija, through which the Beli Drin and Ibar rivers flow. The climate is of the moderate continental type, with 600-700 mm of precipitation annually (average January temperature, about 0°C; average July temperature, about 20°C). The region’s mountain slopes are covered with broad-leaved forests, many meadows, and mountain pastures.

Kosovo is a mainly agricultural region; about half of the economically active population is involved in agriculture. The major crops include grains (corn, wheat, and barley), and tobacco; there is also truck farming, horticulture, and viticulture. Cattle and sheep are raised in the mountains. Crafts and handicrafts are still very important in the cities, where one-quarter of the population lives, and in rural settlements. Industry employs more than one-tenth of the economically active population. The leading industrial sector is the mining of lead and zinc ore at Trepča and other centers in the Kopaonik Range, which accounts for two-thirds of the total mined in Yugoslavia. Also important are the smelting of lead (four-fifths of Yugoslavia’s total production) and zinc. Lignite, chromites, and magnesite are also mined. Other industry includes chemicals, cement, wood products, paper, textiles, tanning, and food processing.

From the eighth to 12th century, Kosovo was the center first of the state of Raska (Rascia) and then of the Serbian state. The city of Pec was the center of the Serbian archdiocese (after 1346, the patriarchate). In the 15th century, the area was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, along with the other Serbian lands. From the 16th to 18th century it was the scene of several anti-Turkish revolts. Large numbers of Serbs left the area, and much of the territory was colonized by Albanian Muslims. According to the Treaty of London (1913), Kosovo was divided between Serbia and Montenegro. In 1918, it became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (after 1929, Yugoslavia). In April 1941 it was occupied by fascist German troops, but in late 1944 it was liberated by the Yugoslav National Liberation Army in conjunction with the National Liberation Army of Albania. From 1945 to 1963 it was the autonomous region of Kosovo and Metohija; from 1963 to 1969, an autonomous province. Since 1969 it has been called Kosovo.

I. S. DOSTIAN and S. N. RAKOVSKII