Kraepelin, Emil (krĕpəlēn`), 1856–1926, German psychiatrist, educated at Würzburg (M.D., 1878). He also studied under Wilhelm Wundt Wundt, Wilhelm Max , 1832–1920, German physiologist and psychologist. From 1875 he taught at Leipzig, where he founded the first laboratory for experimental psychology.
..... Click the link for more information. in Leipzig, and was appointed professor of psychiatry at the Univ. of Dorpat, Heidelberg (1891) and Münich (1903), where he also directed a clinic. Kraepelin authored nine editions of a textbook which classified mental diseases according to their cause, symptomatology, course, final stage, and pathological anatomical findings, producing a system of classification which has relevance even today. He established the clinical pictures of dementia praecox (now known as schizophrenia schizophrenia , group of severe mental disorders characterized by reality distortions resulting in unusual thought patterns and behaviors. Because there is often little or no logical relationship between the thoughts and feelings of a person with schizophrenia, the
..... Click the link for more information. ) in 1893, and of manic-depressive psychosis (now known as bipolar disorder bipolar disorder, formerly manic-depressive disorder or manic-depression, severe mental disorder involving manic episodes that are usually accompanied by episodes of depression.
..... Click the link for more information. ) in 1899, after analyzing thousands of case histories. Kraepelin was concerned only with diagnostic classification, and did not accept the theory of unconscious mental activity postulated by psychoanalysts. His classification of mental disorders served as the foundation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the standard reference text used by psychiatrists today. His major work is his Textbook of Psychiatry (9th ed. 1927).

Kraepelin, Emil

(born Feb. 15, 1856, Neustrelitz, Mecklenburg-Strelitz—died Oct. 7, 1926, Munich, Ger.) German psychiatrist. He taught at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich, where he developed an influential classification system for mental illness, the Psychiatric Compendium (nine eds., 1883–1926). He was the first to distinguish (in 1899) between manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder) and dementia praecox (schizophrenia), and the first to distinguish three clinical varieties of the latter: catatonia, hebephrenia, and paranoia.

Kraepelin, Emil

Born Feb. 15, 1856, in Neustrelitz, Mecklenburg; died Oct. 7, 1926, in Munich. German psychiatrist. Professor of psychiatry at the universities of Dorpat (now Tartu; from 1886), Heidelberg (from 1891), and Munich (from 1903).

In 1922, Kraepelin left his professorship, to work at the Munich Research Institute for Psychiatry, which he had founded in 1917. His principal works were devoted to elaborating the clinical practice of mental diseases and their classification, which was constructed by Kraepelin according to the nosological principle. He believed that single causes entailed single consequences, that is, symptoms; Kraepelin attributed great significance to their course and outcome in delimiting nosological forms. One of Kraepelin’s major achievements was the division of endogenic psychoses according to their outcome into two categories: dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic-depressive psychosis.

His idealistic approach to the causes of mental disease led Kraepelin to assign too much significance to heredity and constitutional factors; he understood cause and effect as something permanent and immutable and did not take into account such factors as the body’s reactive features and the effect of the environment. Nevertheless, Kraepelin’s nosology remains the basis of clinical psychiatry. He created an important psychiatric school. Kraepelin’s Textbook of Psychiatry, upon which many generations of psychiatrists were reared, went through eight editions (from 1883).

WORKS

Uchebnik psikhiatrii, vols. [l]-2. Moscow, 1910–12.
Vvedenie v psikhiatricheskuiu kliniku, 4th ed. Moscow-Petrograd, 1923. REFERENCE Kannabikh, lu. Istoriia psikhiatrii. [Moscow], 1929.

E. IA. SHTERNBERG

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