Laplace Transform

Laplace transform

In mathematics, an integral transform useful in solving differential equations. The Laplace transform of a function is found by integrating the product of that function and the exponential function e^−pt over the interval from zero to infinity. The Laplace transform's applications include solving linear differential equations with constant coefficients and solving boundary value problems, which arise in calculations relating to physical systems.

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Laplace transform [lə′pläs ′trans‚fȯrm]

(mathematics)

For a function ƒ(x) its Laplace transform is the functionF(y) defined as the integral overxfrom 0 to ∞ of the functione^-yxƒ(x).

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Laplace Transform 

a transformation that converts the function f(t) of a real variable t (0 < t < ∞), called the original, into the function

of the complex variable ρ = σ + i τ. The term “Laplace transform” refers not only to the transform but also to the transformed function F(p). The integral on the right-hand side of (1) is called the Laplace integral. It was examined by P. Laplace in a number of studies brought together in the book Théorie analytique des probabilités, published in 1812. These integrals were used much earlier (1737) by L. Euler in the solution of differential equations.

Under certain conditions (see text below) the Laplace transform determines the function f(t) uniquely. In the simplest cases, f is given by the inversion formula

The Laplace transform is a linear integral operator. Some of the fundamental formulas that involve the Laplace transform are

The Laplace transform is used in conjunction with the inversion formula (2) in the integration of differential equations. In particular, the definition (1) of the Laplace transform and its linearity imply that the Laplace transform of the solution of an ordinary linear differential equation with constant coefficients satisfies an algebraic equation of the first degree and can therefore be easily found. For example, if y″ + y = f(t), y(0) = y′ (0) = 0, and Y(p) = L[y] and F(p) = L[f], then

L[y″] = p²Y(p)

and

p²Y(p) + Y(p) = F(p)

so that

Many problems in electrical engineering, hydrodynamics, mechanics, and heat conduction are effectively solved using the Laplace transform.

The Laplace transform has been particularly widely used to provide a theoretical basis for the operational calculus, in which the Laplace transform F(p) of f(t) is usually replaced by the function pF(p).

The modern general theory of the Laplace transform is based on the Lebesgue integral. In order that the Laplace transform be applicable to the function f(t), it is necessary that f(t) be Le-besgue-integrable on any finite interval (0, t), for t > 0, and that the integral (1) for f converge at at least one point p₀ = σ₀+ iτ₀. If the integral (1) converges at the point p₀, then it converges at every point p for which Re (p — p₀) > 0. Thus, if the integral (1) converges at at least one point p₀ of the plane, it either converges in the entire plane or there exists a number σ_c such that the integral converges when Re p > σ_c and diverges when Re p < σ_c. The number σ_c is called the abscissa of convergence of the Laplace integral. F(p) is an analytic function in the half-plane Re p > σ_c.

REFERENCES

Ditkin, V. A., and P. I. Kuznetsov. Spravochnik po operatsionnomu ischisleniiu. Osnovy teorii i tablitsy formul. Moscow-Leningrad, 1951.
Kitkin, V. A., and A. P. Prudnikov. Integral’nye preobrazovaniia i operatsionnoe ischislenie. Moscow, 1961.
Doetsch, G. Rukovodstvo k prakticheskomu primeneniiu preobrazovaniia Laplasa. Moscow, 1965. (Translated from German.)