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Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
Old Kingdom (or Old Empire)
| | Dynasty |
Years |
Famous Rulers |
| I |
3110–2884 B.C. |
Menes Menes , fl. 3200 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, of the first dynasty, the first Egyptian ruler for whom there are historical records. According to tradition, he seems to have united the southern and northern kingdoms and to have settled on a new capital, later known as
..... Click the link for more information. |
| II |
2884–2780 B.C. |
| III |
2780–2680 B.C. |
Snefru Snefru , fl. c.2780 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, last king of the III dynasty; predecessor of Khufu. Snefru began commerce across the open sea with Phoenicia, for the cedar logs of Lebanon, and built ships nearly 170 ft (50 m) long for use on the Nile.
..... Click the link for more information. |
| IV |
2680–2565 B.C. |
Khufu Khufu or Cheops , fl. c.2680 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, founder of the IV dynasty. He was king for 23 years and was famous as the builder of the greatest pyramid at Giza.
..... Click the link for more information. (Cheops), Khafre Khafre or Chephren , fl. 2565 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, of the IV dynasty, and builder of the second pyramid at Giza. His face is perhaps that represented on the Great Sphinx.
..... Click the link for more information. , Menkaure Menkaure or Mycerinus , fl. 2525? B.C., king of ancient Egypt, of the IV dynasty; successor of Khafre. He built the third pyramid at Giza.
..... Click the link for more information. . Age of the great pyramids. |
| V |
2565–2420 B.C. |
| VI |
2420–2258 B.C. |
Pepi I Pepi I , fl. c.2325 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, of the VI dynasty. He was responsible for the rise of the official Uni. The reign of his son
Pepi II (c.2275–c.2185 B.C.) is the longest recorded in history.
..... Click the link for more information. , Pepi II |
First Intermediate Period |
| VII, VIII |
2258–2225 B.C. |
An obscure period. |
| IX, X |
2225–2134 B.C. |
Capital at Heracleopolis. |
| XI |
2134–c.2000 B.C. |
Capital at Thebes. |
Middle Kingdom (or Middle Empire) |
| XII |
2000–1786 B.C. |
Amenemhet I Amenemhet I , d. 1970 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, founder of the XII dynasty. The son of a powerful Theban family, he seized the kingship c.2000 B.C. The XII dynasty ushered in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
..... Click the link for more information. , Sesostris I Sesostris I , d. 1926 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, 2d ruler of the XII dynasty; son and successor of Amenemhet I. He was coregent with his father from 1980 B.C.; from 1971 to 1926 he was sole ruler. His reign was notable for successful campaigns in Nubia.
..... Click the link for more information. , Amenemhet II, Sesostris II, Sesostris III, Amenemhet III, Amenemhet IV |
Second Intermediate Period |
| XIII–XVII |
1786–1570 B.C. |
The Hyksos Hyksos [Egyptian,=rulers of foreign lands], invaders of ancient Egypt, now substantiated as the XV–XVIII dynasties. They were a northwestern Semitic (Canaanite or Amorite) people who entered Egypt sometime between 1720 and 1710 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. . An obscure period. |
New Kingdom (or New Empire) |
| XVIII |
1570–c.1342 B.C. |
Amenhotep I Amenhotep I or Amenophis I , fl. 1570 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, of the XVIII dynasty; son and successor of Amasis I. His chief exploits were military.
..... Click the link for more information. , Thutmose I Thutmose I or Thothmes I , d. 1495 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, third ruler of the XVIII dynasty; successor of Amenhotep I. He became king c.1525.
..... Click the link for more information. , Thutmose II with Hatshepshut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV, Amenhotep III, Amenhotep IV (Ikhnaton Ikhnaton or Akhenaton [Egyptian,=Aton is satisfied], d. c.1354 B.C., king of ancient Egypt (c.1372–1354 B.C.), of the XVIII dynasty; son and successor of Amenhotep III (see under Amenhotep I).
..... Click the link for more information. ), Tutankhamen Tutankhamen or Tutenkhamon , fl. c.1350 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, of the XVIII dynasty. He was the son-in-law of Ikhnaton and succeeded to the throne after a brief reign by Ikhnaton's successor.
..... Click the link for more information. |
| XIX |
c.1342–1200 B.C. |
Horemheb Horemheb or Harmhab , d. c.1303 B.C., king of ancient Egypt (c.1342 B.C.–c.1303 B.C.), founder of the XIX dynasty. A powerful noble under Ikhnaton, he seems to have been an army commander under the successors of that ruler, most notably
..... Click the link for more information. , Ramses I Ramses , Rameses, or Ramesses , name of several kings of ancient Egypt of the XIX and XX dynasties. The kings of the XX dynasty, all named Ramses but the first, are often, on that account, called Ramessides or Ramessids.
..... Click the link for more information. , Seti I Seti I , d. 1290 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, of the XIX dynasty; son and successor of Ramses I. He succeeded to the throne c.1302 B.C. Invading Palestine and Syria, Seti I reduced them again to tributary status, and defeated the Libyans.
..... Click the link for more information. , Ramses II, Merneptah Merneptah , d. c.1215 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, of the XIX dynasty; son and successor of Ramses II. He succeeded (1224 B.C.) to the throne when he was already advanced in years.
..... Click the link for more information. , Seti II |
| XX |
1200–1085 B.C. |
Ramses III with Tiy Tiy, fl. 1167 B.C., queen of ancient Egypt, wife of Ramses III (see under Ramses). To gain the throne for her son, Pentewere, she led a palace conspiracy to displace her aging husband.
..... Click the link for more information. . New Kingdom declines. |
| XXI |
1085–945 B.C. |
Tanite dynasty (capital at Tanis). |
| XXII |
945–745 B.C. |
Sheshonk I Sheshonk I , d. c.929 or 924 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, founder of the XXII (Libyan) dynasty. Originally a commander of mercenaries at Heracleopolis, he assumed (c.950 B.C.) royal authority when the weak dynasty at Tanis died out.
..... Click the link for more information. . Libyan dynasty (capital at Bubastis). |
| XXIII |
745–718 B.C. |
Nubian dynasty with invasion of Piankhi Piankhi , king of ancient Nubia (c.741–c.715 B.C.). After subduing Upper Egypt, he defeated (c.721 B.C.) Tefnakhte, lord of Saïs, who had just completed the conquest of Lower Egypt. Piankhi was also victorious at Memphis. He returned (c.718 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. (capital at Bubastis). |
| XXIV |
718–712 B.C. |
Saïte dynasty (capital at Saïs). |
| XXV |
712–663 B.C. |
Taharka Taharka or Tirhakah , d. 663 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, last ruler of the XXV dynasty; son of Piankhi. Before he was king, he led the Egyptians against Sennacherib, who disastrously defeated him. Seizing (688 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. . Assyrian invasions begin foreign domination. |
| XXVI |
663–525 B.C. |
Psamtik Psamtik , Lat. Psammetichus, d. 609 B.C., king of ancient Egypt, founder of the XXVI dynasty. When his father, Necho, lord of Saïs under the Assyrians, was defeated and killed (663 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. , Necho Necho , fl. 670 B.C., lord of Saïs, Egypt. He was confirmed in his holding after the Assyrian conquest in 670; he was later taken to Nineveh in chains for plotting to revolt but was pardoned and restored.
..... Click the link for more information. , Apries Apries , king of ancient Egypt (588–569 B.C.), of the XXVI dynasty; successor of Psamtik II. Apries sought to recover Syria and Palestine. He attacked Tyre and Sidon but failed (586 B.C.) to relieve the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar.
..... Click the link for more information. , Amasis II Amasis II, d. 525 B.C., king of ancient Egypt (569–525 B.C.), of the XXVI dynasty. In a military revolt he dethroned Apries. He erected temples and other buildings at Memphis and Saïs and encouraged Greek merchants and artisans to settle at Naucratis.
..... Click the link for more information. (capital at Saïs). |
| XXVII |
525–405 B.C. |
The Achaemenids Achaemenids , dynasty of ancient Persia. They were descended presumably from one Achaemenes, a minor ruler in a mountainous district of SW Iran. His successors, when Elam declined, spread their power westward.
..... Click the link for more information. of Persia in control. Cambyses Cambyses , two kings of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia.
Cambyses I was king (c.600 B.C.) of Ansham, ruling as a vassal of Media. According to Herodotus he married the daughter of the Median king Astyages; some scholars dispute this.
..... Click the link for more information. II to Darius II Darius II, d. 404 B.C., king of ancient Persia (423?–404 B.C.); son of Artaxerxes I and a concubine, hence sometimes called Darius Nothus [Darius the bastard].
..... Click the link for more information. . Egypt revolts. |
| XXVIII–XXX |
405–332 B.C. |
Nekhtnebf I Nekhtnebf I , Gr. Nectanebos I, king of ancient Egypt (379–361 B.C.), founder of the XXX dynasty. By the gallant defense of the fortresses of the Nile delta and then of Memphis, he saved his country from the Persian invasion of Pharnabazus in 374 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. , Nekhtnebf II. Last native dynasties, ending with conquest by Alexander the Great. Capital at Saïs, then at Mendes, then at Sebennytos. |
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