Liszt, Franz (fränts lĭst), 1811–86, Hungarian composer and pianist. Liszt was a revolutionary figure of romantic music and was acknowledged as the greatest pianist of his time. He made his debut at nine, going thereafter to Vienna to study with Czerny Czerny, Karl (chĕr`nē), 1791–1857, Austrian pianist; pupil of Beethoven and teacher of Liszt.
..... Click the link for more information. and Salieri Salieri, Antonio (äntô`nyō sälyā`rē), 1750–1825, Italian composer and conductor.
..... Click the link for more information. . In Paris (1823–25) he knew all the principal artistic figures of the period and was influenced by Berlioz Berlioz, Louis-Hector (lwē ĕktôr` bĕrlyôz`), 1803–69, French romantic composer.
..... Click the link for more information. , Chopin Chopin, Frédéric François (frādārēk` fräNswä` shôpăN`)
..... Click the link for more information. , and Paganini Paganini, Niccolò (nēkōlō` pägänē`nē)
..... Click the link for more information. . He lived with Mme d'Agoult (better known by her pen name, Daniel Stern) from 1833 to 1844, and they had three children; their daughter Cosima became the wife of Hans von Bülow Bülow, Hans Guido, Freiherr von (häns gē`dō frī`hĕr fən bü`lō)
..... Click the link for more information. and later of Wagner Cosima Wagner, 1837–1930, was the daughter of Liszt and the comtesse d'Agoult. From 1857 to 1870 she was the wife of Hans von Bülow . In 1870 she married Wagner. After his death she was largely responsible for the continuing fame of the Bayreuth festivals.
..... Click the link for more information. . As a piano virtuoso, Liszt enthralled his audiences with his expressive interpretations and grand style of playing, augmented with dramatic gestures.

In 1848 he decided to make a career as a composer, and became musical director to the duke of Weimar. He remained at Weimar until 1859, and two years later went to Rome, where he became an abbé (1865). During the years between 1880 and 1885, in Rome, Weimar, and Budapest, he taught most of the famous pianists of the succeeding generation. In his compositions he favored program music program music Instrumental music of the 19th and 20th cent. that endeavors to arouse mental pictures or ideas in the thoughts of the listener—to tell a story, depict a scene, or impel a mood.
..... Click the link for more information. over traditional musical forms.

Liszt originated the symphonic poem, and although he wrote symphonies, such as the Faust Symphony (1857), most of his orchestral pieces, including Les Préludes and Mazeppa (both 1854), are symphonic poems. In his Sonata in B Minor (1853) he developed the technique of transformation of themes, which completely altered the concept of sonata sonata form. This is essentially a binary form, the first part being an exposition of two (or sometimes three) contrasted themes. The second part consists of a development of these themes and a recapitulation of the beginning exposition.
..... Click the link for more information. construction. This technique, together with his chromatic harmony, strongly influenced both Wagner and Richard Strauss Strauss, Richard (rĭkh`ärt shtrous), 1864–1949, German composer.
..... Click the link for more information. .

For the piano Liszt composed prolifically in addition to transcribing many works of other composers. His most outstanding works for the piano include Années de pèlerinage (1855–83), Douze Études d'exécution transcendante (final version, 1852), Six Paganini Études (final version, 1851), concertos in E Flat (1855) and A (1848–61), and 20 Hungarian Rhapsodies (of which he published 19). Some of his most popular pieces, including Liebestraüme (c.1850), are characterized by lyrical, romantic sentiment; many of his later compositions are somber in tone, full of dissonance and unusual harmonic effects that foreshadow 20th-century music.

Bibliography

See his correspondence with Wagner, ed. by F. Hueffer (2 vol., rev. ed. 1969); his letters, ed. by La Mara (2 vol., 1968); biographies by S. Sitwell (rev. ed. 1966), E. Newman (1935, repr. 1970), D. Watson (1989), and A. Walker (2 vol., 1983–87); study by H. Searle (2d ed. 1966).

Liszt, Franz

Hungarian Ferenc Liszt

Franz Liszt, lithograph by Joseph Kriehuber, 1846.

(credit: Courtesy of the Museo Teatrale alla Scala, Milan)

(born Oct. 22, 1811, Raiding, Hung.—died July 31, 1886, Bayreuth, Ger.) Hungarian composer and pianist. Encouraged by his father, who was a talented amateur musician, Liszt developed an early interest in music and began composing at age eight. He studied piano with Karl Czerny and composition with Antonio Salieri in Vienna, making his debut there in 1822. After a Paris success in 1823, he toured Europe, but his father's early death (1828) and a disastrous love affair led to a desire to give up music for the priesthood. Hearing violinist Niccolò Paganini perform in 1831, Liszt was inspired to develop his own technique to the utmost and to compose his first mature pieces, including the Transcendental Études (1837) and Paganini Études (1839). An affair with Countess Marie d'Agoult resulted in the birth of his daughter, Cosima (1837–1930), who would marry his friend, the composer Richard Wagner. Liszt's brilliance and success were at their peak during the 1840s, when he toured Europe as a virtuoso, earning great adulation for his panache and his astounding technique. He ceased concertizing in the late 1840s to devote himself to composition and furthering the work of progressive composers. In the 1850s he wrote many of his most ambitious works, including A Faust Symphony (1854) and the Piano Sonata in B Minor (1853). In 1865 he took minor Roman Catholic church orders, though he never became a priest. His later output is remarkable in anticipating many 20th-century developments; for instance, his development of chromatic harmony influenced atonal music.