..... Click the link for more information. (ANC). In 1952 he became ANC deputy national president, advocating nonviolent resistance to apartheid apartheid (əpärt`hīt) [Afrik.
..... Click the link for more information. . However, after a group of peaceful demonstrators were massacred (1960) in Sharpeville, Mandela organized a paramilitary branch of the ANC to carry out guerrilla warfare against the white government. After being acquitted (1962) on charges of treason, he was arrested (1964) and convicted of sabotage and sentenced to life in prison, where he became the leading symbol of South Africa's oppressed black majority. Released in 1990 as an expression of President de Klerk de Klerk, F. W. (Frederik Willem de Klerk) (frĕd`ərĭk vĭl`əm də klûrk`)
..... Click the link for more information. 's committment to change, Mandela was elected (July, 1991) ANC president after a triumphal global tour. He represented the ANC in the turbulent negotiations that led to establishment of majority rule. Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993. In South Africa's first multiracial elections (1994), Mandela was elected president, and served until 1999, when Thabo Mbeki Mbeki, Thabo Mvuyelwa (tä`bō mv
..... Click the link for more information. succeeded him. In Dec., 1999, Mandela was appointed by a group of African nations to mediate the ethnic strife in Burundi Burundi (bər
n`dē), officially Republic of Burundi, republic (2005 est...... Click the link for more information. ; the Arusha accords, a Tutsi-Hutu power-sharing agreement, were finalized in 2001.
He married his second wife,
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, 1936?–, b. Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela, in 1958. A social worker, she joined the ANC and was her husband's champion while he was in prison, being herself imprisoned and "banned" several times. In 1991 she was convicted in the 1988 kidnapping and beating of four young men, one of whom died, but on appeal her prison sentence was reduced to a fine. Her brief tenure (1994–95) as a deputy minister in her husband's cabinet was turbulent. The Mandelas separated in 1992 and were divorced in 1996. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela remained head of the ANC Women's League and a member of parliament, but she resigned those positions in 2003 when she was convicted on charges of theft and fraud relating to her involvement in a scheme to obtain loans for nonexistent Women's League employees. Her theft conviction was overturned and her prison sentence suspended on appeal in 2004.
Bibliography
See his autobiography (1994); biographies by M. Meredith (1998) and A. Sampson (1999).
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