Maugham, William Somerset

Maugham, William Somerset (môm), 1874–1965, English writer, b. Paris. He was noted as an expert storyteller and a master of fiction technique. An introverted child afflicted with a stammer, Maugham was orphaned at 10 and sent to live with his uncle, a vicar. Although he later studied medicine and completed his internship, he never practiced, having decided at an early age to devote himself to literature. He lived in grand style, spending much of his life on the French Riviera and traveling widely, particularly to East Asia and the South Pacific. Maugham wrote with wit and irony, frequently expressing an aloofly cynical attitude toward life. Famous as a dramatist before he became known for his novels and short stories, he achieved his first success with the sardonically humorous play Lady Frederick (1907). This was followed by a series of commercial successes, the best being The Circle (1921), Our Betters (1923), and The Constant Wife (1927).

Maugham had written eight novels before his breakthrough masterpiece, the partly autobiographical Of Human Bondage (1915), appeared. It is the story of the painful growth to self-realization of a lonely, sensitive young physician with a clubfoot. His experiences as a World War I spy in Russia are reflected in Ashenden: Or, the British Agent (1928), a work that strongly influenced such later writers as Graham Greene, Ian Fleming, and John le Carré. Maugham's other famous novels include The Moon and Sixpence (1919), based on the life of the French painter Paul Gauguin; Cakes and Ale (1930), satirizing Thomas Hardy and Hugh Walpole; and The Razor's Edge (1944), dealing with a young American's search for spiritual fulfillment. Frequently his writings, notably the short stories "Rain" and "The Letter," use as background the exotic places he had visited. In his later work Maugham limited himself primarily to essays; The Art of Fiction: An Introduction to Ten Novels and Their Authors (1955) is representative.

Bibliography

See biographies by T. Morgan (1980), A. Loss (1988), R. Calder (1989), and J. Meyers (2004).

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Maugham, William Somerset 

Born Jan. 25, 1874, in Paris; died Dec. 16, 1965, in St.-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, France. British writer.

The son of a lawyer for the British Embassy in France, Maugham received a medical education. His practice in a poor district in London provided the material for his first novel, Liza of Lambeth (1897). Maugham served in World War I (1914–18) as an agent for the British intelligence service, spending part of the war in Russia. In the collection of short stories Ashenden, or the British Agent (1928) he described these experiences.

Maugham’s first literary successes were the plays Lady Frederick (staged 1907), The Circle (1921), and Sheppey (1933). In the novels The Moon and Sixpence (1919; Russian translations, 1927, 1960) and Cakes and Ale (1930) he condemned religious hypocrisy and ugly philistine mores. The novel The Razor’s Edge (1944) reveals the protagonist’s attempts to free himself from the baseness of bourgeois norms. Maugham’s most famous work, Of Human Bondage (1915; Russian translation, 1959), is a largely autobiographical Bildungsroman that combines subtle psychological insight in the portrayal of the hero’s moral quests with a broad depiction of the world.

Maugham’s work was in the tradition of critical realism. At times it contained elements of naturalism. His works are always distinguished by a concern for the pressing problems of the day. The notebooks and introductions to his own and other writers’ books, especially The Summing Up (1938; Russian translation, 1957), have many interesting observations about the creative process, as well as many penetrating appraisals and self-appraisals.

WORKS

The Collected Edition of the Works, 21 vols. London, 1934–59.
A Writer’s Notebook. London, 1949.
Points of View. Garden City, N. Y., 1959.
In Russian translation:
Dozhd’. Moscow, 1961.
“Zametki o tvorchestve.” Voprosy literatury, 1966, no. 4.
“Teatr.” In the collection Sovremennaia angliiskaia novella. Moscow, 1969.

REFERENCES

Kanin, G. Remembering Mr. Maugham. New York, 1966.
Brown, I. W. S. Maugham. London, 1970.
Calder, R. L. W. S. Maugham and the Quest for Freedom. London, 1972.

E. A. GUSEVA