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Mean Sun

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mean sun [′mēn ′sən]
(astronomy)
A fictitious sun conceived to move eastward along the celestial equator at a rate that provides a uniform measure of time equal to the average apparent time; used as a reference for reckoning time, such as mean time or zone time.

Mean Sun 

a fictitious point on the celestial sphere that moves uniformly along the celestial equator and crosses the vernal equinox at intervals of a tropical year. The mean sun is used in measuring mean solar time. The concept of the mean sun was introduced in the 18th century to make the measurement of daily time more accurate.

Owing to the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit and the obliquity of the ecliptic, along which the apparent annual motion of the sun occurs, the length of the apparent, or true, solar day—that is, the time interval between successive upper transits of the apparent, or true, sun—varies by as much as 50 seconds in the course of a year. The concept of the mean sun was introduced to eliminate this lack of uniformity. What is known as the equation of time is taken into account when determining mean solar time from observations of the sun. The equation of time is the difference between the right ascensions of the apparent sun and the mean sun. Alternatively, the equation of time can be defined as the difference between the hour angles of the apparent and mean suns.



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