Membrane separations

Membrane separations

Processes for separating mixtures by using thin barriers (membranes) between two mis-cible fluids. A suitable driving force across the membrane, for example concentration or pressure differential, leads to the preferential transport of one or more feed components.

Membrane separation processes are classified under different categories depending on the materials to be separated and the driving force applied: (1) In ultrafiltration, liquids and low-molecular-weight dissolved species pass through porous membranes while colloidal particles and macromolecules are rejected. The driving force is a pressure difference. (2) In dialysis, low-molecular-weight solutes and ions pass through while colloidal particles and solutes with molecular weights greater than 1000 are rejected under the conditions of a concentration difference across the membrane. (3) In electrodialysis, ions pass through the membrane in preference to all other species, due to a voltage difference. (4) In reverse osmosis, virtually all dissolved and suspended materials are rejected and the permeate is a liquid, typically water. (5) For gas and liquid separations, unequal rates of transport can be obtained through nonporous membranes by means of a solution and diffusion mechanism. Pervaporation is a special case of this separation where the feed is in the liquid phase while the permeate, typically drawn under subatmospheric conditions, is in the vapor phase. (6) In facilitated transport, separation is achieved by reversible chemical reaction in the membrane. High selectivity and permeation rate may be obtained because of the reaction scheme. Liquid membranes are used for this type of separation.