Milstein, César, 1927–2002, Anglo-Argentine immunologist, Ph.D. Cambridge Univ., 1960. He worked (1961–63) at the National Institute of Microbiology, Buenos Aires, but following a military coup he resigned and returned to Cambridge, where he joined the staff of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, serving as its deputy director from 1988 to 1995, when he retired. In 1975, with Georges Köhler Köhler, Georges Jean Franz (kō`lər, Ger. kö`lər), 1946–95, German immunologist, Ph.D. Univ. of Freiburg, 1974.
..... Click the link for more information. , he developed the hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies monoclonal antibody, an antibody that is mass produced in the laboratory from a single clone and that recognizes only one antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are typically made by fusing a normally short-lived, antibody-producing B cell (see immunity ) to a fast-growing
..... Click the link for more information. , pure, mass-produced antibodies that recognize only one antigen (see immunity immunity, ability of an organism to resist disease by identifying and destroying foreign substances or organisms. Although all animals have some immune capabilities, little is known about nonmammalian immunity.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Their method for monoclonal antibody production has since been adopted universally, and such antibodies are used in laboratory research, in medical diagnostics, and in medical treatments to neutralize bacterial toxins. In 1984, Milstein (with Köhler and Niels K. Jerne Jerne, Niels Kai (nēls kī yĕr`nə), 1911–94, British-Danish immunologist, b. London.
..... Click the link for more information. ) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Milstein, César

(born Oct. 8, 1927, Bahía Blanca, Arg.—died March 24, 2002, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng.) Argentinian-born British immunologist. In 1975 Milstein and Georges Köhler (1946–95) fused short-lived, highly specific lymphocytes with the cells of a myeloma, a type of tumour that can reproduce indefinitely. The hybrid cells, like lymphocytes, secreted antibody to a single antigen and, like myeloma cells, perpetuated themselves. This enabled production of large quantities of pure antibodies against single antigenic characteristics (monoclonal antibodies). Milstein, Köhler, and Niels K. Jerne (1911–94) shared the Nobel Prize in 1984.