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Multivalents

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Multivalents 

combinations of more than two conjugated chromosomes occasionally formed during the maturation of germ cells in the stage of meiosis. Multivalents are found mostly in aneuploid and polyploid organisms; they are very rare in diploids. Trivalents, tetravalents, pentavalents, and higher multivalents are distinguished according to the number of chromosomes. The formation of multivalents usually results in the appearance of germ cells with low viability and organisms with an abnormal chromosome set.
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1994; Hoshino & Okamura, 1994; Hoshino & Onimatsu, 1994; Hoshino & Waterway, 1994; for interpretations of homologies in multivalents of different types, see Faulkner, 1972).
The evolution of chromosome arrangements in Carex (Cyperaceae) by Hipp, Andrew L.; Rothrock, Paul E.; Roalson, Eric H. / The Botanical Review
Although multivalent formation is common among seed plants, in ferns multivalents that may start to form early in meiosis rarely survive to the late prophase stage.
Fern Genome Structure and Evolution by Nakazato, Takuya / American Fern Journal
In autopolyploids, although the diversity of genetic potential increases by the development of new alleles, as has been shown in Tolmiea menziesii (Soltis & Rieseberg, 1986) and in Dactylis glomerata (Lum aret & Barrientos, 1990), an autopolyploid has very little chance of becoming established because multivalents form during meiosis, causing partial sterility.
Geographical variation and successive adaptive radiations of ... by Oualidi, Jalal El; Puech, Suzette; Navarro, Teresa / The Botanical Review
 
 
 
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