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Occitan

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Occitan (ôksētäN`) or Provençal (prôväNsäl`), member of the Romance group of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Romance languages Romance languages, group of languages belonging to the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Italic languages ). Also called Romanic, they are spoken by about 670 million people in many parts of the world, but chiefly in Europe and the
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). The language label Provençal is often restricted in its reference to the dialects of Provence, a region of SE France, but it can be extended to include other related dialects of S France. In its latter, broader sense, Occitan is spoken today, usually along with French, by as many as 5 million people in France; however, it has no official status in that country. Additional speakers are also found in Pyrenean Catalonia, Spain, and in parts of Italy (mainly in the northwest).

In the Middle Ages, Provençal, also called langue d'oc (see langue d'oc and langue d'oïl langue d'oc (läNg dôk) and langue d'oïl
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), became important as the medium of the great literature of the troubadours troubadours (tr
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, who developed it into a standard local Romance language. After the Albigensian Crusade (see under Albigenses Albigenses (ălbĭjĕn`sēz) [Lat.,=people of Albi, one of their centers], religious sect of S France in the Middle Ages.
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) weakened S France, Provençal culture declined and in time the Provençal language was wholly replaced by French as the standard language of France. In the 19th cent. an unsuccessful movement arose to bring back the former glory of Provençal by restoring it as the literary and regional tongue of S France.

Bibliography

See D. C. Haskell, Provençal Literature and Language (1925).



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It seems, therefore, that the birth of the author and the self ought not to be perceived in the passage from the orality of the Occitan literature to the written production of the Italians, but rather in the shift from literacy, no matter how compromised by oral transmission, to a high degree of self-referential literariness.
In passing we learn about the thousand-year-old hagiographical tradition about Saint Foy, the patois spoken in the area (whose origins are in the Celtic and Occitan tongues), medieval poetry recited in Saint Foy's honor, the reliquary donated by Charlemagne in the ninth century, the great tympanum over the church's door done in the fantastic form of the Romanesque, and the dolmens found in the larger region.
I don't know why he didn't grasp it since this very fine book would have been even better if the structural argument was cross-cut with a few biographical examples to illustrate how the group experiences worked themselves out over time in individuals' lives - in the way that Le Roy Ladurie did with his miniatures of Pierre Maury, Beatrice de Planissoles, Bernard Clergue and the other Occitan villagers.
 
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