Papua New Guinea (păp`

ə, –y

ə, gĭn`ē), officially Independent State of Papua New Guinea, independent Commonwealth nation (2005 est. pop. 5,545,000), 183,540 sq mi (475,369 sq km), SW Pacific. It encompasses the eastern half of the island of New Guinea New Guinea , island, c.342,000 sq mi (885,780 sq km), SW Pacific, N of Australia; the world's second largest island after Greenland. Politically it is divided into two sections: the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya in the west and the independent
..... Click the link for more information. , as well as the Bismarck Archipelago Bismarck Archipelago, volcanic island group, 19,200 sq mi (49,730 sq km), SW Pacific, a part of Papua New Guinea. The group includes New Britain (the largest island), New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, the Mussau Islands, New Hanover, the Vitu Islands, and the Duke
..... Click the link for more information. , the Trobriand Islands Trobriand Islands , small volcanic island group off SE New Guinea, part of Papua New Guinea. Kiriwana is the largest of the group's 22 islands. Yams, pearl shell, and trepang are the major products.
..... Click the link for more information. , Samarai Samarai , small island (59 acres/23.9 hectares), at the southeastern tip of Papua New Guinea, New Guinea island. It is a commercial and shipping center and a port of entry. An important European settlement before World War II, it was destroyed by Japanese bombing in 1942.
..... Click the link for more information. Island, Woodlark Island, D'Entrecasteaux Islands D'Entrecasteaux Islands , volcanic group, SW Pacific, SE of New Guinea, part of Papua New Guinea. Comprising the Fergusson, Goodenough, and Normanby islands, the group, with a total land area of c.
..... Click the link for more information. , the Louisiade Archipelago Louisiade Archipelago , SW Pacific, part of Papua New Guinea. The archipelago comprises c.10 volcanic islands and numerous coral reefs. The major islands are Tagula (the largest), Rossel, Misima, and Panaeati. The inhabitants are Papuans.
..... Click the link for more information. , and the northernmost Solomon Islands of Buka and Bougainville Bougainville , volcanic island (1990 est. pop. 154,000), c.3,880 sq mi (10,050 sq km), SW Pacific, largest in the Solomon Islands chain. With Buka and smaller neighboring islands, it forms an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea.
..... Click the link for more information. (which form an autonomous region). The capital is Port Moresby Port Moresby , town (1990 pop. 193,242), capital of Papua New Guinea, on New Guinea island and on the Gulf of Papua. Rubber, gold, and copra are exported. Port Moresby was founded by Capt. John Moresby, who landed there in 1873. The British occupied it in 1883.
..... Click the link for more information. ; other important cities include Rabaul Rabaul , town (1990 pop. 17,044), on New Britain island, Bismarck Archipelago, a part of Papua New Guinea. Situated within an active caldera surrounded by volcanoes, the city has long been vulnerable to volcanic eruptions.
..... Click the link for more information. , Lae Lae , town (1990 pop. 88,172), Papua New Guinea, on NE New Guinea island, at the head of the Huon Gulf. Lae is an important administrative and commercial center of Papua New Guinea.
..... Click the link for more information. , Madang Madang , town (1990 pop. 27,181), Papua New Guinea, on NE New Guinea island. A seaport on Astrolabe Bay, Madang exports copra and gold. It was an important Japanese air base during World War II. Madang was formerly known as Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen.
..... Click the link for more information. , Mt. Hagen, and Goroka. The country is divided into 19 provinces and the national capital district, which are grouped into four regions.

Land, People, Economy, and Government

Papua New Guinea is a wild, rugged region, with limited communications. The climate is tropical, and the largely mountainous country is subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The native population is largely Melanesian and Papuan but is divided into many distinct cultures. Some 700 different languages are spoken in the region; pidgin English (Tok Pisin) is the lingua franca. About half the population is Christian, with Roman Catholics and Lutherans the largest sects; the rest follow traditional beliefs. Subsistence agriculture supports most of the population; sweet potatoes constitute the main food crop. Agricultural exports (notably coconut products, rubber, coffee, cocoa, tea, and refined palm oil products) are increasing, but mineral and oil deposits account for the majority of export earnings. Silver, copper, and gold are mined, oil production began in 1992, and there are undeveloped natural gas reserves. Timber is another import source of revenue; the rain forests of Papua New Guinea are filled with tropical timber. The logging, largely by foreign companies, is often done without regarded for laws designed to promote sustainable yields. Pearl-shell and tortoise fisheries dot the coast. The Univ. of Papua New Guinea opened in 1966. The nation has a parliamentary government with a governor-general, representing the British crown; a prime minister and cabinet; and a popularly elected unicameral parliament consisting of 109 members.

History

Papua, the southern section of the country, was annexed by Queensland in 1883 and the following year became a British protectorate called British New Guinea. It passed to Australia in 1905 as the Territory of Papua. The northern section of the country formed part of German New Guinea from 1884 to 1914 and was called Kaiser-Wilhelmsland. Occupied by Australian forces during World War I, it was mandated to Australia by the League of Nations in 1920 and became known as the Territory of New Guinea. Australian rule was reconfirmed by the United Nations in 1947.

In 1949 the territories of Papua and New Guinea were merged administratively, but they remained constitutionally distinct. They were combined in 1973 as the self-governing country of Papua New Guinea. Full independence was gained in 1975. In the late 1980s a violent secessionist movement broke out on Bougainville. A cease-fire, monitored by Australian troops, went into effect in 1998, and a peace accord that granted the island broad autonomy was signed three years later.

Proposed cuts in defense forces as result of economic reforms demanded by Australia and international organizations sparked a weeklong mutiny in 2001; the government rescinded the cuts and promised to review the mutineers' concerns over foreign economic influences. Sir Michael Somare, of the National Alliance party, has been prime minister since 2002. In 2004, Australian police officers were deployed in Papua New Guinea as part of an aid package designed to help end gang violence and restore law and order in the country, but after the supreme court ruled the following year that the officers' immunity from prosecution and other aspects of the deployment were unconstitutional Australia withdrew the contingent.

In late 2006 Papua New Guinea's government and its relations with Australia were roiled by the Moti affair. Julian Moti, an Australian lawyer of Fijian descent had been appointed attorney general in the Solomon Islands, was wanted in Australia on child sex charges, and Australia sought Moti's extradition from Papua New Guinea, where Moti was arrested (Sept., 2006) while in transit. Moti managed to flee with apparent help from PNG officials. An investigation into the incident implicated the prime minister in Moti's flight from PNG, a charge Somare denied; Somare subsequently disbanded the board of inquiry, which issued its report to Somare in Mar., 2007.

Papua New Guinea

officially Independent State of Papua New Guinea

Island country, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Area: 178,704 sq mi (462,840 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 5,887,000. Capital: Port Moresby. Most of the people are Papuan (four-fifths) and Melanesian; ethnic minorities are Polynesian, Chinese, and European. Languages: English (official), Tok Pisin, Motu, indigenous languages. Religions: Christianity (Protestant, Roman Catholic); also traditional beliefs. Currency: kina. The island of New Guinea constitutes about seven-eighths of the total land area of Papua New Guinea; the country also includes Bougainville Island and the Bismarck Archipelago. The New Guinea terrain ranges from swampy lowland plains in the south and north to high central mountains (the highlands) in the northwest and southeast. Much of the land is covered with tropical rainforest. Some of the outlying islands are volcanic. The country has a developing mixed economy based largely on subsistence agriculture and the export of minerals. It is a constitutional monarchy with one legislative house; its chief of state is the British monarch represented by the governor-general, and the head of government is the prime minister. The area has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and farming has been practiced since c. 7000 BC. The Portuguese sighted the coast in 1511, and the first European landing was about 1526–27. The first European colony was founded in 1793 by the British. In 1828 the Dutch claimed the western half as part of the Dutch East Indies. In 1884 Britain annexed the southeastern part and Germany took over the northeastern sector. In 1906 the British part (renamed Papua) passed to Australia, which also governed the German sector after World War I. After World War II, Australia governed both sectors as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Dutch New Guinea was annexed to Indonesia in 1969. Papua New Guinea achieved independence in 1975 and joined the British Commonwealth. By the mid-1990s the government of Papua New Guinea was seeking to resolve a long-standing conflict with Bougainville independence fighters, and in 2001 the two sides agreed on a peace treaty; Bougainville became an autonomous region in 2005.

Papua New Guinea

a country in the SW Pacific; consists of the E half of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the W Solomon Islands, Trobriand Islands, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Woodlark Island, and the Louisiade Archipelago; administered by Australia from 1949 until 1975, when it became an independent member of the Commonwealth. Official language: English; Tok Pisin (English Creole) and Motu are widely spoken. Religion: Christian majority. Currency: kina. Capital: Port Moresby. Pop.: 5 836 000 (2004 est.). Area: 461 693 sq. km (178 260 sq. miles)

Papua New Guinea

Official name: Independent State of Papua New Guinea

Capital city: Port Moresby

Internet country code: .pg

Flag description: Divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered

National anthem: “O Arise All You Sons”

Geographical description: Oceania, group of islands including the eastern half of the island of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South Pacific Ocean, east of Indonesia

Total area: 178,710 sq. mi. (462,860 sq. km.)

Climate: Tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation

Nationality: noun: Papua New Guinean(s); adjective: Papua New Guinean

Population: 5,795,887 (July 2007 CIA est.)

Ethnic groups: Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Languages spoken: Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region; more than 800 indigenous languages spoken (over one-tenth of the world’s total)

Religions: Indigenous religions 34%, Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestant 10%

Legal Holidays:

Boxing Day	Dec 26
Christmas Day	Dec 25
Easter Monday	Apr 25, 2011; Apr 9, 2012; Apr 1, 2013; Apr 21, 2014; Apr 6, 2015
Good Friday	Apr 22, 2011; Apr 6, 2012; Mar 29, 2013; Apr 18, 2014; Apr 3, 2015
Holy Saturday	Apr 23, 2011; Apr 7, 2012; Mar 30, 2013; Apr 19, 2014; Apr 4, 2015
Independence Day	Sep 16
New Year's Day	Jan 1
Queen Elizabeth II Birthday	Jun 13, 2011; Jun 11, 2012; Jun 10, 2013; Jun 9, 2014; Jun 8, 2015
Remembrance Day	Jul 23

Papua New Guinea

a state in the southeastern Pacific. Population, 2.6 million (1972). Papua New Guinea comprises the eastern part of the island of New Guinea with adjacent islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, the northern part of the Solomon Islands, the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, the Louisiade Islands, the Trobriand Islands, Woodlark (Murua) Island, and about 200 other islands. The total area is 461,700 sq km. The capital is the city of Port Moresby.

The indigenous population numbers about 670,000, approximately 570,000 of whom are members of various Papuan peoples, while about 100,000 belong to various Melanesian groups. The remainder of the population is primarily Anglo-Australian. Many Papuan languages are spoken, the most important being Huli, Mendi, Kewa, Wiru, Koriki, Kerewa, Orokolo, and Toaripi. The Melanesians speak Malayo-Polynesian languages, among which the Hiri Motu language is widely used as an inter-group form of communication. The official language is English. More than 90 percent of the population is Christian, to a considerable extent only nominally; the remaining 10 percent primarily adheres to traditional tribal beliefs.

At the time of the European colonization, Papua New Guinea was inhabited by Papuans and Melanesians. In 1884 a British protectorate was established over the southeastern part of the island of New Guinea, which was named Papua, while Germany claimed the northeastern part. Great Britain declared Papua a British colony in 1888 and transferred it to the Commonwealth of Australia in the early 20th century. During World War I, Australian troops occupied the northeastern part of the island. In 1920 this part, which became known as New Guinea, was given to the Commonwealth of Australia as a mandated territory of the League of Nations. After World War II, New Guinea remained under the administration of the Commonwealth of Australia as a trust territory of the United Nations. In 1949 the Australian authorities united Papua and New Guinea in an administrative union. Papua New Guinea became internally self-governing in December 1973. Since September 16, 1975, it has been an independent state in the Commonwealth. The country’s most influential political party is the Pangu Pati, founded in 1966.

Based on agriculture, the economy is dominated by Australian capital, and the best lands belong to Anglo-Australians. The Anglo-Australians cultivate such commodity crops as the coconut palm (136,000 tons of copra and 715,000 tons of nuts in 1972), rubber plants (5,300 tons), coffee, and cacao. They began cultivating tea, oil palms, and pyrethrum in the 1960’s. Sorghum, taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are grown on the near-subsistence farms of the local population. Animal husbandry is mainly aimed toward meat-production (95,000 head of cattle in 1972). There is fishing and logging. Industry employs 4,700 people (1970), and its main branches are woodworking and food processing. Gold, copper, and zinc are mined. There are 16,200 km of roads (1972) but no railroads. The principal seaports are Port Moresby, Rabaul, Lae, and Madang. There are major airports in Port Moresby and Lae.

Papua New Guinea exports copra, coconut oil, coffee, tea, cacao beans, lumber products, rubber, gold, and copper. From 40 to 50 percent of exports goes to Australia, and 25 to 30 percent to Great Britain. Major imported goods are foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, machinery and equipment, and industrial products. [19–477–3; updated]

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