Petra (redirected from Peträa)

Petra (pē`trə), ancient rock city, in present-day Jordan, known to the Arabs as Wadi Musa for the stream that flows through it. A narrow, winding pass between towering walls leads to the open plain upon which stood the ancient city. The plain is surrounded by hills in which tombs have been carved in the pink sandstone. The site includes some 800 structures, the best known of which is the Khazneh el-Farun (or so-called Pharoah's Treasury), a mausoleum, monument, or temple with a two-story facade and Hellenistic split pediment.

Petra was early occupied by the Edomites (see Edom) and by the Nabataeans (an Arab tribe; see Nabataea), who had their capital there from the 4th cent. B.C. until the Roman occupation in A.D. 106. The city is referred to as Sela in the Bible (2 Kings 14.7). It was for many centuries the focal point of a vast caravan trade but declined with the rise of Palmyra; however, it remained a religious center of Arabia. Under the Romans in the 2d and 3d cent. it was included in the province of Arabia Petraea. An early seat of Christianity, it was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th cent. and in the 12th cent. was captured by the Crusaders, who built a citadel there. Petra was unknown to the Western world until its ruins were visited by Johann Burckhardt in 1812.

Bibliography

See M. I. Rostovtsev, Caravan Cities (1932, repr. 1971); I. Browning, Petra (1974); M. G. Amadasi Guzzo and E. Equini Schneider, Petra (2002); J. Taylor, Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans (2002).

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Petra

 Arabic Batra

The Nabataean rock-cut monument of Ad-Dayr, Petra, Jordan.

(credit: Brian Brake from Rapho/Photo Researchers—EB Inc.)

Ancient city, Middle East. Located in what is now southwestern Jordan, it was the capital of the Nabataean kingdom until its defeat by the Romans in AD 106. It then became part of the Roman province of Arabia. After several centuries as a flourishing trade centre, it declined with the shifting of trade routes away from the city. It was captured by the Muslims in the 7th century. Its ruins were rediscovered in 1812 by the Swiss traveler Johann L. Burckhardt. Excavations since the mid-20th century have revealed many rock-cut monuments, including tombs with elaborate facades carved in the rose, crimson, and purple sandstone of the surrounding hills. Petra was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1985.

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Petra

an ancient city in the south of present-day Jordan; capital of the Nabataean kingdom

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Petra 

an ancient city and fortress in southern Jordan. The area was probably first settled at the end of the second millennium B.C. In the first millennium B.C., Petra was the capital of the Edomites, and from the end of the third or the beginning of the second century B.C. to A.D. 106 it was the capital of the Nabatean kingdom. Later it became part of the Roman province of Arabia. Changing trade routes caused the city gradually to lose importance, and in the fifth century it fell into neglect.

Studied by archaeologists since the beginning of the 20th century, Petra is the site of a complex covering more than 3 sq km and comprising rock-cut structures dating from various periods. The complex contains more than 1,000 burial vaults, including the Khazneh and the Deir; sanctuaries; temples; dwellings; and public buildings, including three markets, the temple Qasr Firun, and a theater from Roman times that seated 3,000 spectators.

REFERENCES

Kaufman, S. A. “Ob arkhitekture drevnego arabskogo naroda nabateev i ee roli v razvitii antichnoi arkhitektury.” In the collection Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury, collection 1. Moscow, 1961.
Kennedy, A. B. W. Petra, Its History and Monuments. London, 1925.
Kammerer, A. Pétra et la Nabatène, parts 1-2. Paris, 1929-30.
Harding, G. L. The Antiquities of Jordan. London, 1960.

L. A. EL’NITSKII