Phase-locked loops

Phase-locked loops

Electronic circuits for locking an oscillator in phase with an arbitrary input signal. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is used in two fundamentally different ways: (1) as a demodulator, where it is employed to follow (and demodulate) frequency or phase modulation, and (2) to track a carrier or synchronizing signal which may vary in frequency with time. When operating as a demodulator, the PLL may be thought of as a matched filter operating as a coherent detector. When used to track a carrier, it may be thought of as a narrowband filter for removing noise from the signal and regenerating a clean replica of the signal. See Demodulator

The basic components of a phase-locked loop are shown in the illustration. The input signal is a sine or square wave of arbitrary frequency. The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) output signal is a sine or square wave of the same frequency as the input, but the phase angle between the two is arbitrary. The output of the phase detector consists of a direct-current (dc) term, and components of the input frequency and its harmonics. The low-pass filter removes all alternating-current (ac) components, leaving the dc component, the magnitude of which is a function of the phase angle between the VCO signal and the input signal. If the frequency of the input signal changes, a change in phase angle between these signals will produce a change in the dc control voltage in such a manner as to vary the frequency of the VCO to track the frequency of the input signal.

The most widespread use of phase-locked loops is undoubtedly in television receivers. Synchronization of the horizontal oscillator to the transmitted sync pulses is universally accomplished with a PLL. The color reference oscillator is often synchronized with a phase-locked loop. Phase-locked loops are also used as frequency demodulators. They have been applied to stereo decoders made on silicon monolithic integrated circuits. High-performance amplitude demodulators may be built using phase-lock techniques. See Amplitude-modulation detector