Philip (redirected from Philip (European rulers))

Philip(Herod Philip)

Philip, half brother of Herod Antipas, called Herod Philip: see Herod, dynasty.

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Philip, chief of the Wampanoags

Philip (King Philip), chief of the Wampanoags: see King Philip's War.

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Philip, tetrarch of Ituraea

Philip, d. A.D. 34, tetrarch of Ituraea, son of Herod the Great. He was perhaps the ablest of the Herod dynasty. He is mentioned in the Gospel of St. Luke.

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Philip, Roman emperor

Philip or Philip the Arabian (Marcus Julius Philippus), 204?–249, Roman emperor (244–49). He served under Gordian III against the Persians, instigated the assassination of the emperor, and concluded a peace with Persia. The millennium of Rome was celebrated by him with the splendor of secular games in the Circus Maximus. Philip sent Decius to the Danube to quell a mutiny, but when the troops hailed Decius as emperor, he marched at their head upon Italy. Philip met them near Verona and was slain.

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Philip (of Swabia)

 German Philipp

(born 1178—died June 21, 1208, Bamberg, Ger.) German Hohenstaufen king (1198–1208). The youngest son of Frederick I Barbarossa, he was elected German king on the death of Emperor Henry VI. The rival Welf dynasty elected Otto IV king, and a civil war broke out. A truce was finally called in 1207; Innocent III recognized Philip and promised to crown him emperor (1208), but Philip was murdered first.

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Philip

1. New Testament

a. one of the seven deacons appointed by the early Church

b. one of the sons of Herod the Great, who was ruler of part of former Judaea (4 bc--34 ad) (Luke 3:1)

2. King, American Indian name Metacomet. died 1676, American Indian chief, the son of Massasoit. He waged King Philip's War against the colonists of New England (1675--76) and was killed in battle

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Philip 

In France:

Philip II (Philip Augustus). Born Aug. 21, 1165, in Paris; died July 14, 1223, in Mantes. King from 1180.

Philip substantially increased the royal domains. From 1189 to 1191 he was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade. He used marriages to further his goal of territorial expansion. However, his repudiation of his second wife, a Danish princess, led to his excommunication by Pope Innocent III in 1200. Between 1202 and 1204, Philip won Normandy, Maine, Anjou, part of Poitou, and, finally, Touraine from the English king John Lackland. Ultimately, he forced John to acknowledge by treaty in 1206 the loss of most of the Plantagenets’ holdings in France. In 1214, Philip secured his gains by defeating the English in the battle of La Roche-aux-Moines in Anjou and their allies, including the Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, at the battle of Bouvines in Flanders. Within his realm, Philip introduced a number of administrative and financial reforms: he organized new administrative districts called prévôtés and bailliages, created the Royal Council and broadened the functions of the legists.

Philip IV (Philip the Fair). Born in 1268, in Fontainebleau; died there Nov. 29, 1314. King of France from 1285; also king of Navarre (from 1284) through his marriage to Navarre’s queen.

Philip enlarged the royal domains with Angoumois in 1308 and the Lyonnais in 1312. His struggle with the English king for Guienne led to its occupation by the French in 1294, but it was returned to the English by a treaty in 1308. In 1300, Philip captured Flanders, thus precipitating a massive revolt in the Flemish cities (the Brugge Matins), which ended in the rout of the French at Courtrai in 1302. Despite Philip’s victory over the Flemings in 1304 near Mons-en-Pévèle, he was forced to relinquish his claims to the whole of Flanders. He kept only the southwestern part of the region and that only temporarily.

Philip needed money to conduct his wars and therefore often resorted to extraordinary taxes, forced loans, and currency debasement. In 1306 he banished the Jews from the kingdom and confiscated their property. He taxed the clergy and thus provoked a bitter conflict (1296–1303) with Pope Boniface VIII. Philip triumphed, with the result that the papacy became and for many years remained subservient to the French throne (seeBABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY). Philip destroyed the order of the Knights Templar by confiscating its enormous riches and persuading the pope to dissolve it in 1312. Philip also convened the first Estates General in order to marshal support among the feudal lords and the urban upper classes for his struggle against the pope.

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Philip 

In ancient Macedonia:

Philip II (Philip of Macedon). Born circa 382 B.C.; died 336. King from 359.

Philip II completed the unification of Macedonia into a single state in 359. He carried out a series of important reforms, which helped strengthen Macedonia politically, economically, and militarily; he organized a regular army and a strong navy, reorganized the cavalry, created the Macedonian phalanx, introduced a common monetary system, and instituted the issue of gold coins. Between 359 and 336 he conquered vast territories—first neighboring Paeonia and Thessaly and part of neighboring Illyria and then Chalcidice and other areas along the Aegean Sea. Epirus and Thrace also fell under Macedonian control. By 338, Philip had established Macedonia’s hegemony over Greece. He was in the midst of preparations to invade Persia when he was assassinated by palace conspirators.

REFERENCES

Momigliano, A. Filippo il Macedone. Florence, 1934.
Chapot, V. Filippe IIde Macédoine. Paris, 1936.
Philip V. Born circa 238 B.C.; died 179. King from 220.
As a result of the First Macedonian War of 215–205, Rome conceded to Philip V a number of territories in Illyria, which had been under Roman rule from 229. In the Second Macedonian War of 200–197, he was defeated in the battle of Cynoscephalae (197) and was forced to relinquish the territories he had won.

REFERENCES

Walbank, F. W. Philip V of Macedon. Cambridge, 1940.

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Philip 

In Spain:

Philip II. Born May 21, 1527, in Valladolid; died Sept. 13, 1598, at El Escorial. Hapsburg king from 1556.

After the abdication of Charles V and the division of the empire between Charles’ heirs, Philip became king of Spain, as well as master of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Netherlands, Franche-Comté, Milan, and colonies in America and Africa. Philip adopted a policy of absolutism. He deprived Aragon, Castile, and Catalonia of many liberties they had enjoyed during the Middle Ages, and he created an excessive bureaucratic apparatus. A fanatical Catholic, he supported the Inquisition: heretics were burned in great numbers, and the Moors, exiled between 1568 and 1570 to barren lands in the Spanish interior, were persecuted. Philip supported Mary Tudor, whom he had married in 1554, in her campaign of terror against the English Protestants.

In the Netherlands, Philip intensified feudal absolutist oppression, thus precipitating the Netherlands Bourgeois Revolution. After the Spanish defeated the French at the battle of St. Quentin in 1557, Philip concluded the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) with the French king. The treaty, which was to Spain’s benefit, ended the Italian Wars of 1494–1559 (seeITALIAN WARS OF 1494–1559). In 1571, Philip became head of the Holy League, which was formed by a number of states to fight the Turks. In 1581 he succeeded in annexing Portugal. Philip’s decision to invade England was prompted by the aid accorded by Queen Elizabeth of England to the Netherlands and the execution of Mary Stuart. The ignominious defeat of the Spanish Armada, which had been created for the invasion, undermined Spanish power.

During the Wars of Religion in France, Philip gave military aid to the Catholics, and in 1591 a Spanish garrison entered Paris. Philip tried to place his daughter Isabella on the French throne but was opposed by the Estates General of 1593. The Spanish troops were defeated by Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) at Fontaine-Française in June 1595. In 1598, Philip was forced to acknowledge Henry as king of France and to sign the treaty of Vervins (May 1598). The Spanish troops were expelled from France.

Philip needed money to wage his endless wars. To eliminate the government’s deficit, he increased taxes, including the alcabala, and confiscated gold, silver, and other goods arriving from America. The treasury, however, remained depleted. Philip declared state bankruptcy in 1557, 1575, and 1598, thus further disrupting Spain’s economy.

REFERENCES

Lucas-Dubreton, J. Philippe II. Paris, 1965.
L’Espagne au temps de Philippe II. Paris 1965.
Fernandez y Fernandez de Retana, España en tiempo de Felipe II, vols. 1–2. Madrid, 1966.
Philip III. Born Apr. 14, 1578, in Madrid; died there Mar. 31, 1621. Hapsburg king from 1598.
Philip’s favorite, the duke of Lerma, actually ruled (seeLERMA, FRANCISCO GÓMEZ DE SANDOVAL Y ROJAS, DUKE OF). Hoping to use the Tyrone and Tyrconnel uprising (1595–1603) to abet Spain’s struggle with England, Philip gave military aid to the Irish rebels. In 1604, however, he made peace with England. In 1609 he agreed to the 12-year truce with the Netherlands, by which he recognized the de facto independence of the Republic of the United Provinces.
Philip IV Born Apr. 8, 1605, in Valladolid; died Sept. 17, 1665, in Madrid. Hapsburg king from 1621.
Indifferent to state affairs, Philip was a mere pawn in the hands of his favorites, the count of Olivares (until 1643) and Don Luis Méndez de Haro (1643–1661). In 1648, Philip recognized the de jure independence of the Republic of the United Provinces. He ceded a number of territories to France by the Peace of the Pyrenees of 1659. His troops brutally quelled the Catalan uprising of 1640–52 (seeSEGADORES, WAR OF THE). Nonetheless, he was forced to acknowledge Catalan privileges, albeit with certain reservations. Philip refused to recognize the secession of Portugal in 1640, and until the end of his reign he strove to restore Spanish sovereignty by military force.