plastic surgery, surgical repair of congenital or acquired deformities and the restoration of contour to improve the appearance and function of tissue defects. Development of this specialized branch of surgery received impetus from the need to repair gross deformities sustained in World War I World War I, 1914–18, also known as the Great War, conflict, chiefly in Europe, among most of the great Western powers. It was the largest war the world had yet seen.
..... Click the link for more information. . By the grafting of tissue or the use of artificial materials such as silicone silicone, polymer in which atoms of silicon and oxygen alternate in a chain; various organic radicals, such as the methyl group, CH₃, are bound to the silicon atoms.
..... Click the link for more information. , some remarkable restorations have become possible. Severe burns and the removal of fairly extensive skin cancers skin cancer, malignant tumor of the skin. The most common types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Rarer forms include mycosis fungoides (a type of lymphoma) and Kaposi's sarcoma.
..... Click the link for more information. leave scars that must be covered by skin grafts; breast reconstruction after mastectomy mastectomy , surgical removal of breast tissue, usually done as treatment for breast cancer. There are many types of mastectomy. In general, the farther the cancer has spread, the more tissue is taken.
..... Click the link for more information. is another application.

In addition to correcting a disfigurement, plastic surgery is often needed to restore vital movement and function of tissues that have been destroyed. It is also performed for purely cosmetic purposes, such as improving the shape of a nose, bringing outstanding ears closer to the head, or lifting the skin to erase wrinkles, and the term cosmetic surgery is often used to refer to such surgical procedures. Modern plastic surgeons often employ CAT scans CAT scan [computerized axial tomography], X-ray technique that allows relatively safe, painless, and rapid diagnosis in previously inaccessible areas of the body; also called CT scan.
..... Click the link for more information. to produce computer-generated images that are used to plan or simulate complex reconstructive surgeries.

plastic surgery

Surgery to correct disfigurement, restore function, or improve appearance. It may involve reshaping or moving tissues to fill a depression, cover a wound, or improve appearance. Cosmetic surgery solely to improve appearance is not the main focus of plastic surgery. It is utilized after disfigurement by burns or tumour removal or for reconstructive work, and it may involve hiding incisions in skin folds or using buried sutures to hold wounds closed. Reconstructive plastic surgery corrects severe functional impairments, fixes physical abnormalities, and compensates for tissue lost to trauma or surgery. Microsurgery and computerized diagnostic imaging techniques have revolutionized the field.

plastic surgery

the branch of surgery concerned with therapeutic or cosmetic repair or re-formation of missing, injured, or malformed tissues or parts

plastic surgery [′plas·tik ′sər·jə·rē]

(medicine)

Surgical repair, replacement, or alteration of lost, injured, or deformed parts of the body by transfer of tissue.

Surgery, Plastic

(also reconstructive surgery), a branch of surgery devoted to the restoration of the function and shape of partially or completely detached organs, correction of congenital or acquired abnormalities and deformities, and elimination of cosmetic defects. The biological basis of plastic surgery is the ability of flap tissue (for example, skin and skin-muscle-bone) and organs (for example, a kidney) transplanted on a pedicle or free from their original base to grow in new sites. Besides the patient’s own tissues, tissues from another person or an animal, cadaver tissue, and various inorganic materials (plastic and metal) may be used.

In the broad sense of the term, plastic surgery is employed in all surgical specialties: heart surgery (for example, valve prosthesis), surgery on digestive organs (for example, repair of the esophagus with tissue from the small intestine), traumatology and orthopedics (for example, replacement of tendons, osteoplasty), urology (for example, restoration of the penis and urethra), maxillofacial surgery (for example, operations for congenital harelip and cleft palate), otorhinolaryngology (for example, operations to improve hearing in otosclerosis), and ophthalmology (for example, corneal transplant).

In the narrow sense of the term, plastic surgery refers to operations on the body surface involving the transplantation of skin flaps, the repair of skin with a free skin flap, or the construction of a circular skin pedicle (V. P. Filatov’s rope flap); such operations make it possible to cover tissue defects with skin flaps transplanted from another part of the body. Operations on the body surface usually have a cosmetic aim as well. Some operations are performed solely for cosmetic purposes, for example, removal of wrinkles from the face and neck, skin folds from the abdomen, pigment spots, and deformities due to scars. The shape of the nose, lips, and ears may also be altered for cosmetic purposes. Noncosmetic plastic surgery is performed in general surgical or specialized medical institutions, whereas cosmetic surgery is performed in specialized hospitals or institutes of cosmetic surgery.

REFERENCES

Shimanovskii, Iu. Operatsii na poverkhnosti chelovecheskogo tela. Kiev, 1865.
Kartashev, Z. I. Vosstanovitel’naia khirurgiia litsa. Rostov-on-Don, 1935.
Eitner, E. Kosmeticheskie operatsii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1936. (Translated from German.)
Bogoraz, N. A. Vosstanovitel’naia khirurgiia, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1949.
Rauer, A. E., and N. M. Mikhel’son. Plasticheskie operatsii na litse, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1954.
Khitrov, F. M. Plasticheskoe zameshchenie defektov litsa i shei filatovskim steblem. Moscow, 1954.
Blokhin, N. N. Kozhnaia plastika. Moscow, 1955.
Peškova, H. Plasticheskie operatsii pri kosmeticheskikh defektakh. Prague, 1971. (Translated from Czech.)
Povstianoi, N. E. Vosstanovitel’naia khirurgiia ozhogov. Moscow, 1973.
Kol’gunenko, I. I. Osnovy gerontokosmetologii. Moscow, 1974.

R. I. KVASNOI

Mentioned in	?		References in periodicals archive	?		Encyclopedia browser	?		Full browser	?
No references found			In 2004 the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) warned that "some individuals seeking cosmetic surgery are considered poor candidates because of specific lifestyle factors that can seriously impact their safety in the operating room and during recovery. Health & Lifestyle Factors Play a Role in Plastic Surgery by Mathias Reeve / Health, general community Credited aesthetic surgery clinic served by a team of American Board of Plastic Surgery doctors, anesthesiologists and nurses. Business For Sale; 80 -- Health Services; MEDICAL CLINIC by Businesses for Sale: FirstList When it comes to plastic surgery in Los Angeles, a common procedure is a chin lift. Mentoplasty Plastic Surgery in Los Angeles by mehraj khan / Food/cooking/nutrition community			plastic explosive plastic filler plastic film plastic film capacitor plastic floor covering plastic flooring plastic flow plastic foam plastic glue plastic laminate plastic limit plastic loss plastic mortar plastic paint Plastic Pin Grid Array plastic pipe plastic plate plastic relief map plastic semiconductor plastic shading plastic shrink-age cracks plastic shrinkage cracks plastic skylight plastic soil plastic structural cladding Plastic Surgery plastic viscosity plastic wood plastic yield plastic zone plasticate Plasticine Plasticity plasticity index Plasticity, Theory of Plasticization of Plastics plasticize Plasticized Cement Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Resin plasticizer Plasticizers plasticizing oil plasticlast plasticorder plasticoviscosity Plastics Plastics processing Plastid plastify plastigel plastigraph			plastic repair Plastic Scintillator Barrel Plastic Self Organizing Map plastic semiconductor plastic shading Plastic Sheet Plastic shopping bag plastic shrink-age cracks plastic shrinkage cracks plastic skylight Plastic Small Outline Package plastic soil plastic spectacle frame Plastic Sphere Dispenser Operator plastic spray packaging plastic strain Plastic Strapping Company Ltd. plastic strip plastic strip plastic strip plastic strip plastic strip plastic structural cladding Plastic Surface Mount Component plastic surgeon plastic surgeon plastic surgeon Plastic surgeons Plastic surgeons Plastic surgeons Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Addiction Plastic Surgery Associates Plastic Surgery Blog Plastic Surgery Clinic Plastic Surgery Company, Inc. Plastic Surgery Education Campaign Plastic Surgery Educational Foundation Plastic Surgery Information Service Plastic Surgery Institute Plastic Surgery Links Collection Plastic Surgery Products Plastic Surgery/Burn Unit Plastic Surgical & Burns Anaesthetists Plastic Surgical Nursing Certification Board, Inc. plastic tooth plastic tooth plastic tooth plastic tooth plastic toy poisoning plastic toy poisoning plastic toy poisoning plastic toy poisoning Plastic Twist-Off Cap plastic vinyl sheeting plastic vinyl sheeting plastic vinyl sheeting plastic vinyl sheeting plastic viscosity Plastic Waste Management Institute Plastic Waste Processor

Plastic Surgery

plastic surgery

REFERENCES