Pole, English noble family

Pole, English noble family. The first member of importance was

William de la Pole, d. 1366, a rich merchant who became the first mayor of Hull (1332) and a baron of the exchequer (1339). His oldest son,

Michael de la Pole, 1st earl of Suffolk, 1330?–1389, fought in France in the Hundred Years War under Edward the Black Prince. He became the trusted adviser of Richard II Richard II, 1367–1400, king of England (1377–99), son of Edward the Black Prince .

Early Life

After his father's death (1376) he was created prince of Wales and succeeded his grandfather, Edward III , to the throne.
..... Click the link for more information. , who made him chancellor (1383) and earl of Suffolk (1385). In the Parliament of 1386 his enemies forced his dismissal, and he was impeached and imprisoned. Richard soon released and reinstated him, but when the baronial opposition again demanded his arrest, De la Pole fled (1387) to France. "Appealed" of treason and sentenced to death in the Merciless Parliament of 1388, he died in exile. His grandson,

William de la Pole, 4th earl and 1st duke of Suffolk, 1396–1450, played an active role in the later stages of the Hundred Years War and for a time held the chief command. He arranged the marriage (1445) of Margaret of Anjou Margaret of Anjou (ăn`j, Fr. äNzh
..... Click the link for more information. to Henry VI Henry VI, 1421–71, king of England (1422–61, 1470–71).

Reign

Early Years

The only son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois , he became king of England when he was not yet nine months old.
..... Click the link for more information. and rose to a position of great political authority, reaching the peak of his power in 1448 when he was made duke. His persistent efforts to gain peace with France enabled his enemies to accuse him of treason, especially after disastrous losses in Normandy. His long record of service, his eloquent appeal to Parliament, and even the favor of the king could not save him from impeachment. When setting out for a five-year exile he was abducted from his ship and beheaded in a boat off Dover. His wife was the granddaughter of Geoffrey Chaucer. His son,

John de la Pole, 2d duke of Suffolk, 1443–91, married Edward IV's sister Elizabeth and held offices under that king. He later supported Richard III, yet was favored by Henry VII. Of his sons, the eldest was

John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, 1464–87, who was recognized by Richard III as his heir presumptive. At first he appeared to accept Henry VII, but he soon joined the rebellion in favor of Lambert Simnel Simnel, Lambert (sĭm`nəl), c.1475–1525, imposter and pretender to the English throne.
..... Click the link for more information. . He led an invading army from Ireland and was killed at the battle of Stoke. The second son,

Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, 1472?–1513, agreed to the wish of Henry VII that he forego the ducal title in return for some of the property forfeited as a result of his brother's treason. Later he declared his ambition for the throne and tried to get help on the Continent. He was eventually delivered (1506) as a prisoner to Henry VII by the Burgundians. He was imprisoned for years and finally executed by Henry VIII. The fifth son,

Richard de la Pole, d. 1525, took over Edmund's claim to the throne and received intermittent support from the French. He was killed in the battle of Pavia fighting for Francis I of France. He was the last of his line.

pole, in electricity and magnetism

pole, in electricity and magnetism, point where electric or magnetic force appears to be concentrated. A single electric charge charge, property of matter that gives rise to all electrical phenomena (see electricity ). The basic unit of charge, usually denoted by e, is that on the proton or the electron ; that on the proton is designated as positive (+e
..... Click the link for more information. located at a point is sometimes referred to as an electric monopole. An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance. Some molecules, although electrically neutral as a whole, do not have their charges distributed symmetrically, so that the separation of the centers of positive and negative charge constitutes an electric dipole; such molecules are called polar molecules. In calculating the electric potential potential, electric, work per unit of electric charge expended in moving a charged body from a reference point to any given point in an electric field (see electrostatics ).
..... Click the link for more information. at a distance r from an electric dipole, it is found that it varies principally as 1/r², while the potential around a single charge varies as 1/r. More complex arrangements of charges may have potentials whose principal term contains a higher power of the distance r. A charge configuration for which the principal term of the potential varies as 1/r³ is called an electric quadrupole; similarly, an octupole is characterized by a potential varying as 1/r⁴, a 16-pole by 1/r⁵, and so forth. In magnetism magnetism, force of attraction or repulsion between various substances, especially those made of iron and certain other metals; ultimately it is due to the motion of electric charges.
..... Click the link for more information. , poles may be defined in an analogous way, so that an ordinary bar magnet with a north pole at one end and a south pole at the other constitutes a magnetic dipole. The potential energy associated with a given arrangement of magnets may be analyzed similarly to that of an array of charges. The analogy is not complete, however, since no isolated magnetic charges (magnetic monopoles) have been found in nature, though some scientists believe their existence possible.