premenstrual syndrome (PMS), any of various symptoms experienced by women of childbearing age in the days immediately preceding menstruation menstruation, periodic flow of blood and cells from the lining of the uterus in humans and most other primates, occurring about every 28 days in women. Menstruation commences at puberty (usually between age 10 and 17).
..... Click the link for more information. . It is most common in women in their twenties and thirties. Some 70%–90% of menstruating women are said to have PMS on a cyclical basis. There are over 150 symptoms associated with the syndrome, including behavioral changes, eating binges, moodiness, irritability, fatigue, fluid retention, breast tenderness, and headaches. Some women have mild symptoms; others have symptoms that interfere with work or home life. A few are completely incapacitated, a condition called premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The symptoms vary from woman to woman, and each woman's symptoms may vary from month to month, making diagnosis difficult.

The exact cause is unknown. Hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, and neurotransmitter (serotonin serotonin , organic compound that was first recognized as a powerful vasoconstrictor occurring in blood serum. It was partially purified, crystallized, and named in 1948, and its structure was deduced a year later.
..... Click the link for more information. and norepinephrine norepinephrine , a neurotransmitter in the catecholamine family that mediates chemical communication in the sympathetic nervous system, a branch of the autonomic nervous system.
..... Click the link for more information. ) fluctuations are being studied. PMS patients who have had hysterectomies may continue to have symptoms, but the symptoms in all patients disappear with menopause menopause or climacteric , transitional phase in a woman's life when the ovaries stop releasing eggs, ovarian production of estrogen and other hormones tapers off, and menstruation ceases.
..... Click the link for more information. . There is no cure for PMS. In some women, dietary changes and exercise provide some relief through the loss of water weight, the alleviation of stress, and an increase in the production of endorphins endorphins , neurotransmitters found in the brain that have pain-relieving properties similar to morphine. There are three major types of endorphins: beta endorpins, found primarily in the pituitary gland; and enkephalins and dynorphin, both distributed throughout
..... Click the link for more information. . Antidepressants antidepressant, any of a wide range of drugs used to treat psychic depression. They are given to elevate mood, counter suicidal thoughts, and increase the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
..... Click the link for more information. or antianxiety drugs antianxiety drug, drug administered for the relief of anxiety. Although their action is not fully understood, most antianxiety medications appear to affect the action of neurotransmitters in the brain (see serotonin and norepinephrine).
..... Click the link for more information. are sometimes prescribed. In severe cases hormones that induce a premature menopause may be administered.

Bibliography

See publications of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; S. D. Bender, PMS: A Positive Program to Gain Control (1986) and PMS: Questions & Answers (1989); Boston Women's Health Book Collective, Our Bodies, Ourselves for the New Century (1998).

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Variable group of symptoms occurring before menstruation in 40% of women, severe in about 10% of those. Physical symptoms may include headache, cramps, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Emotional symptoms range from irritability, lethargy, and mood swings to hostility, confusion, and depression. Theories as to the cause centre on hormones, nutrition, and stress (known to affect severity). Depending on the symptoms, treatment may involve exercise, stress management, nutritional therapy, or drugs. Dietary measures include low sodium and high protein and complex carbohydrate intake and avoidance of xanthines (including caffeine). Increasing calcium intake has been shown to prevent or reduce cramps, which are best treated with ibuprofen.

premenstrual syndrome, tension

a group of symptoms, including nervous tension and fluid retention, any of which may be experienced as a result of hormonal changes in the days before a menstrual period starts

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No references found			Jordan had blamed pre-menstrual tension for her outburst about Andre being unfaithful, but now she is very happy about how things have turned out. Jordan thought Andre was cheating on her when he spiced up their sex ... by Asian News International it has a calming effect and is often prescribed by doctors for women who have pre-menstrual tension. What Anxiety Cures, Treatments Are There? by Mike Schlacter / Health care industry community She was given medication for the epilepsy, a change of diet to help with the pre-menstrual tension and she has stayed out of trouble since. Sarah's story by Huddersfield Daily Examiner (Huddersfield, England)			Praxidike praxis Praxis Critical Systems Praxiteles Prayer prayer book prayer wheel Prayer, Book of Common praying Indians praying mantis Prazsky Hrad PRC PRCST Pre-Alps Pre-Aral Karakum PRE-CC pre-cold-frontal squall line Pre-Columbian architecture pre-Columbian art and architecture pre-emption pre-emptive pre-emptive multitasking pre-Hilbert space pre-image pre-Imbrian Pre-menstrual tension pre-order pre-order traversal pre-posttensioning Pre-Raphaelite Pre-Raphaelites pre-Romanesque architecture pre-sales support rep pre-shimmed sealant pre-shimmed tape sealant pre-Socratics pre-TR tube pre-transmit-receive tube Pre-Zinjanthropus pre\box Prešeren, France Prešov Prežihov Voranc preacher Preachers, Order of preaching cross preaction sprinkler system Preadaptation Preakness Stakes prealpine facies Preamble			Pre-Maintenance Check Pre-Major Liberal Arts Pre-Manufacture Notification Form Pre-marital sex Pre-marital sex Pre-marital sex Pre-marital sex Pre-marital sex Pre-Market Pre-Market Approval Application Pre-Market Indicator Pre-Market Notification Pre-Market Offer Testing Pre-Market Trade Pre-Market Trades Pre-Market Trading Pre-Marketing Operating Income Pre-Master Compact Disc Pre-Match Tension Pre-med Pre-medical Pre-medical Pre-Medical and Health Care Studies pre-meds Pre-Membership Examination Pre-menopausal Pre-menopausal Pre-menopausal Pre-Menstrual Pre-Menstrual Dysphoria Pre-menstrual tension Pre-Message Security Protocol Pre-Metal Deposition Pre-Metal Dielectric Pre-Metal Dielectric Film Pre-Milking Teat Dipping Pre-millennialism Pre-Millennium Stress Pre-Millennium Tension Pre-Miller Obscenity Cases Pre-Mission Test pre-mobilization Pre-mobilization Legal Preparation Pre-mobilization Training Assistance Element Pre-Modern Japanese Studies Pre-Money Pre-money valuation Pre-Money Valuations Pre-Monsoon Rainfall Peak Pre-mortal existence Pre-mortal life Pre-Motion Positivity Pre-Motor Area pre-mRNA Pre-N

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Bibliography

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

premenstrual syndrome
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