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pronunciation: see phonetics phonetics , study of the sounds of languages from three basic points of view. Phonetics studies speech sounds according to their production in the vocal organs (articulatory phonetics), their physical properties (acoustic phonetics), or their effect on the ear
..... Click the link for more information. ; phonology phonology, study of the sound systems of languages. It is distinguished from phonetics, which is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning
..... Click the link for more information. .
Pronunciation - In this dictionary slashes (/../) bracket phonetic
pronunciations of words not found in a standard English
dictionary. The notation, and many of the pronunciations,
were adapted from the Hacker's Jargon File.
Syllables are separated by dash or followed single quote
or back quote. Single quote means the preceding syllable is
stressed (louder), back quote follows a syllable with
intermediate stress (slightly louder), otherwise all syllables
are equally stressed.
Consonants are pronounced as in English but note:
ch soft, as in "church"
g hard, as in "got"
gh aspirated g+h of "bughouse" or "ragheap"
j voiced, as in "judge"
kh guttural of "loch" or "l'chaim"
s unvoiced, as in "pass"
zh as "s" in "pleasure"
Uppercase letters are pronounced as their English letter
names; thus (for example) /H-L-L/ is equivalent to /aych el
el/. /Z/ is pronounced /zee/ in the US and /zed/ in the UK
(elsewhere?).
Vowels are represented as follows:
a back, that
ah father, palm (see note)
ar far, mark
aw flaw, caught
ay bake, rain
e less, men
ee easy, ski
eir their, software
i trip, hit
i: life, sky
o block, stock (see note)
oh flow, sew
oo loot, through
or more, door
ow out, how
oy boy, coin
uh but, some
u put, foot
*r fur, insert (only in stressed
syllables; otherwise use just "r")
y yet, young
yoo few, chew
[y]oo /oo/ with optional fronting as
in `news' (/nooz/ or /nyooz/)
A /*/ is used for the `schwa' sound of unstressed or occluded
vowels (often written with an upside-down `e'). The schwa
vowel is omitted in unstressed syllables containing vocalic l,
m, n or r; that is, "kitten" and "colour" would be rendered
/kit'n/ and /kuhl'r/, not /kit'*n/ and /kuhl'*r/.
The above table reflects mainly distinctions found in standard
American English (that is, the neutral dialect spoken by TV
network announcers and typical of educated speech in the Upper
Midwest, Chicago, Minneapolis/St.Paul and Philadelphia).
However, we separate /o/ from /ah/, which tend to merge in
standard American. This may help readers accustomed to
accents resembling British Received Pronunciation.
Entries with a pronunciation of `//' are written-only. | |
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