Quakers

Quakers: see Friends, Religious Society of.

---

Friends, Society of

 known as Quakers

Protestant denomination that arose in England in the mid-17th century. The movement began with radical English Puritans called Seekers, who rejected the Anglican church and other existing Protestant sects. They took their faith from itinerant preachers such as George Fox, who emphasized “inward light,” or inward apprehension of God, as the source of religious authority. Quaker meetings are characterized by patient silence in which members wait for inspiration to speak. The movement grew rapidly after 1650 (when a judge gave them their name because “we bid them tremble at the word of God”), but its members were often persecuted or imprisoned for rejecting the state church and refusing to pay tithes or swear oaths. Some emigrated to America, where they were persecuted in Massachusetts Bay Colony but found toleration in Rhode Island and in the Quaker colony of Pennsylvania, which was chartered by Charles II under the sponsorship of William Penn in 1681. Other marks that became characteristic of Quakerism were plain speech and dress, pacifism, and opposition to slavery. The group also emphasizes philanthropy, especially aid to refugees and famine victims; the American Friends Service Committee and (British) Friends Service Council shared the 1947 Nobel Peace Prize.

---

Quakers

known for service to peace. [Am. Hist.: EB, 7: 743–745]

See : Antimilitarism

---

Quakers

nonmilitant, gentle, religious sect. [Am. Hist.: Jameson, 189]

See : Peace

---

Quakers

pacifist religious sect, often associated with puritanical behavioral standards. [Am. Hist.: NCE, 1017]

See : Prudery

---

Quakers

(originally used in an ironic sense; the Quakers call themselves The Society of Friends), the members of a religious Christian community founded in the mid-17th century in England by the craftsman G. Fox. Quakers reject the institution of the clergy and church sacraments; according to their teachings, man can enter into a direct union with god. They preach pacifism and devote themselves to good works. Persecuted by the English government and by the Anglican Church, many communities of Quakers began emigrating to North America in the 1660’s. The status of English and American Quakers was legalized by the Toleration Act of 1689. In the beginning the Quaker movement drew its members from among the petite bourgeoisie, but later capitalist elements appeared among them. In the early 1970’s, Quaker communities numbered about 200, 000 members, found chiefly in the USA, Great Britain, and East Africa.