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Reduced Vowels

(also jers), the reduced vocalic phonemes in the old Slavic languages, which were designated by the letters ъ (back jer) and b (front jer).

Reduced vowels developed in Proto-Slavic as a result of the transformation of the Indo-European short close vowels *ῠ and *ῐ. In Proto-Slavic of a later era and in the old Slavic languages, front jer was an unrounded middle or high-middle front vowel, and back jer was a middle or high-middle back vowel, apparently rounded. Reduced vowels were in what is known as weak position at the end of a word, before a syllable with a full vowel, and before a syllable with a reduced vowel in strong position, as in stolъ (“throne,” “seat”; nom. and acc. sg., gen. pl.), sъna (“dream,” “sleep”; gen. sg., nom. and acc. dual), and žbnbcb (“reaper”; nom. sg., gen. pl.). They were in strong position before a syllable with a weak reduced vowel, in an initial stressed syllable, and, in Old Russian, before a liquid consonant, as in šbvbcb (“tailor”; nom. sg., gen. pl.), dъskǫ (“board”; acc. sg.), and vbrxъ (“top”; nom. and acc. sg., gen. pl.). Before a yod [j], back jer became [y̆] and front jer became [ῐ]; these vowels also could be in strong and weak positions.

In all the Slavic languages, the strong reduced vowels were changed to full vowels and the weak reduced vowels were lost.

REFERENCES

Meillet, A. Obshcheslavianskii iazyk. Moscow, 1951. (Translated from French.)
Vaillant, A. Rukovodstvo po staroslavianskomu iazyku. Moscow, 1952. (Translated from French.)
van Wijk, N. Istoriia slaroslavianskogo iazyka. Moscow, 1957. (Translated from German.)
Khaburgaev, G. A. Staroslavianskii iazyk. Moscow, 1974.

K. V. GORSHKOVA

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No references found	The mobility of stress characteristic of all the language varieties was found to be higher in the idiolects lacking vowel reduction (Group 1), which correspond to the standards of literary Erzya, than in the idiolects exhibiting the occurrence of reduced vowels (Groups 3, 4). Rhythm related effects in Erzya/[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] by Aasmae, Niina / Linguistica Uralica Both Bately (1980: 204) and Breeze (1992a) discuss this item as if it should reflect changes in pronunciation of particular names; but it involves no more than variation in spelling of reduced vowels in unstressed syllables as before. The dialect position of the Old English Orosius by Kitson, Peter / Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studies Meadow Mari has full and reduced vowels; depending on the dialect, one or more reduced vowels are separate phonemes in the language, so that it is possible for a word to contain only reduced vowels, one of which will be stressed. The Finno-Ugric Prosody Project/[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] by Lehiste, Ilse / Linguistica Uralica	reduced distance reduced echelon matrix reduced equation Reduced Equation of State reduced form reduced frequency reduced inspection reduced instruction set computer reduced latitude reduced level Reduced Mass reduced nickel reduced oil Reduced Photometric Quantities reduced pressure reduced proper motion reduced property Reduced Residue System reduced residue system modulo n reduced size vent reduced telemetry reduced temperature reduced value reduced viscosity reduced volume Reduced Vowels Reduced Vowels, Loss Of reduced-order controller reduced-pressure distillation reduced-pressure-principle backflow preventer Reducer reducible configuration reducible curve reducible polynomial reducible representation of a group reducible transformation Reducing reducing agent reducing atmosphere reducing coupling reducing flame reducing glass reducing joint reducing pipe reducing pipe fitting reducing power reducing socket reducing sugar Reducing Valve Reducing-Cooling Unit reduct	Reduced Tillage Linkages reduced to a writing reduced to beggary reduced to doing Reduced to Equator Reduced to Pole reduced to the ranks reduced to the ranks reduced to the ranks reduced to the ranks Reduced Touched Memory Image Reduced Triphosphopyridine Nucleotide Reduced Under Anesthesia Reduced Update Kalman Filter reduced value Reduced Variational Space-Self-Consistent Field Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums/Minima Reduced Vertical Seperation Minima Reduced Vestibular Response Reduced Vibration Gel System reduced viscosity Reduced Visual Acuity Reduced Voltage Non-Reversing Reduced Voltage Soft Start Reduced Voltage Solid State reduced volume Reduced vowel Reduced Vowels Reduced Vowels, Loss Of Reduced Waste Generation Reduced Work Schedule Reduced-carrier transmission Reduced-Complexity Frequency Estimation Reduced-Complexity Kalman Filter Reduced-Complexity Kalman Smoother Reduced-Complexity Partial Sampling Minimum Mean Squared Error Reduced-Complexity Schnorr-Euchner Reduced-Complexity Timing Estimation Reduced-Complexity Transfer Function Reduced-Complexity Turbo-Detection Reduced-Complexity Viterbi-Like Tracking Algorithm Reduced-Constraint Generalization Reduced-Dimension Maximum A Posteriori reduced-emission Reduced-Fat Informed with Details reduced-fat milk Reduced-Glycemic Load Reduced-Load Link-Correlation Reduced-Moderation Water Reactor Reduced-Order Adaptive Filter reduced-order controller Reduced-Order-State Estimator

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The mobility of stress characteristic of all the language varieties was found to be higher in the idiolects lacking vowel reduction (Group 1), which correspond to the standards of literary Erzya, than in the idiolects exhibiting the occurrence of reduced vowels (Groups 3, 4).

Both Bately (1980: 204) and Breeze (1992a) discuss this item as if it should reflect changes in pronunciation of particular names; but it involves no more than variation in spelling of reduced vowels in unstressed syllables as before.

The dialect position of the Old English Orosius by Kitson, Peter / Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studies

Meadow Mari has full and reduced vowels; depending on the dialect, one or more reduced vowels are separate phonemes in the language, so that it is possible for a word to contain only reduced vowels, one of which will be stressed.

The Finno-Ugric Prosody Project/[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] by Lehiste, Ilse / Linguistica Uralica

reduced distance

reduced echelon matrix

reduced equation

Reduced Equation of State

reduced form

reduced frequency

reduced inspection

reduced instruction set computer

reduced latitude

reduced level

Reduced Mass