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Reduplication

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Reduplication 

in linguistics, complete or partial repetition of a root, stem, or word. Reduplication may express plurality, as in the Malay orang (“person”) and orangorang (“people”). It may be used to intensify an action or quality, as in the Russian khodish’-khodish’ (“you walk and walk”) and bol’shoi-bol’shoi (“very big”). Sometimes an adjective formed by reduplication expresses a lesser degree of a quality, as exemplified by the Malagasy fotsi-fotsi (“whitish”). Reduplication may also express different aspectual and other meanings in a verb. In the Indo-European languages, there is partial reduplication in the formation of the perfect and present. Reduplication is also used in onomatopoeic expressions, such as the Russian ku-ku (the call of the cuckoo) and the English “tick-tick.”



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Cousin Caroline was a lady of very imposing height and circumference, but in spite of her size and her handsome trappings, there was something exposed and unsheltered in her expression, as if for many summers her thin red skin and hooked nose and reduplication of chins, so much resembling the profile of a cockatoo, had been bared to the weather; she was, indeed, a single lady; but she had, it was the habit to say, "made a life for herself," and was thus entitled to be heard with respect.
The conditions of the sentience had been here, he imagined, fulfilled in the method of collocation of these stones--in the order of their arrangement, as well as in that of the many fungi which overspread them, and of the decayed trees which stood around-- above all, in the long undisturbed endurance of this arrangement, and in its reduplication in the still waters of the tarn.
 
 
 
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