Cromwell, Richard, 1626–1712, lord protector of England; third son of Oliver Cromwell. He was the eldest surviving son at the death of his father (Sept. 3, 1658), who had nominated him as his successor. Although he had served in Parliament and on the council of state, Richard lacked the energy and experience to manage complicated affairs of state. Army and Parliament struggled for power, and the army forced Richard to dismiss Parliament on Apr. 22, 1659. His Protectorate had actually collapsed, but it continued in name until May 25, when the Rump Parliament, which had reassembled itself, reestablished the Commonwealth. He lived abroad (1660–80) and later in England under an assumed name.

Bibliography

See biography by R. W. Ramsay (1935); study by E. M. Hause (1972).

Cromwell, Richard

Richard Cromwell, miniature by an unknown artist; in the National Portrait Gallery, London

(credit: Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London)

(born Oct. 4, 1626—died July 12, 1712, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, Eng.) Lord protector of England (September 1658–May 1659). He was the eldest surviving son of Oliver Cromwell, who groomed him for high office. He served in the Parliamentary army and was a member of Parliament and the council of state. After his father's death he was proclaimed lord protector, but he soon encountered serious difficulties and was forced to abdicate. Having amassed large debts, he fled to Paris in 1660 to escape his creditors; in 1680 he returned and lived in seclusion.

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No references found	High efficiency systems, such as the one powering the ThunderPower bus, can help eliminate the country's dependency on foreign oil," said Richard Cromwell, general manager of SunLine Transit Agency. CALSTART Tech Teams Roll-Out Two Transit ``Firsts''; First California ... by Business Wire	rich Windows client Rich, Adrienne Rich, Barnabe Rich, Buddy Rich, Edmund Rich, John Rich, Penelope, Lady Richard Richard Aldington Richard Arkwright Richard Avenarius Richard B. Russell State Park Richard Baxter Richard Bong State Recreation Area Richard Brinsley Sheridan Richard Buckminster Fuller Richard Burbage Richard Byrd Richard Cantillon Richard Chancellor Richard Christopher Carrington Richard Cobden Richard Colley Wellesley Richard Cour de Lion Richard Courant Richard Cromwell Richard de Bury Richard Dehmel Richard Dodridge Blackmore Richard Foster Flint Richard Friedrich Johann Pfeiffer Richard Gabriel Richard Goldschmidt Richard Hamann Richard Hamming Richard Hartshorne Richard Hertwig Richard Hildreth Richard I Richard II Richard III Richard Jones Richard Josef Neutra Richard Karlovich Maak Richard Korf Richard Kroner Richard Kuhn Richard L. Berkley Riverfront Park Richard Laurence Millington Synge Richard Lion-Heart Richard Maak	Richard Burdon Haldane Richard Burgi Fan Club Richard Burns Memorial Relay Richard Burns Rally Richard Burton Richard Burton Richard Burton (actor) Richard Byrd Richard Byrd (disambiguation) Richard Cadbury Richard Campos Business Support Richard Cantillon Richard Carrington Richard Chancellor Richard Charles Rodgers Richard Childress Racing Richard Christopher Carrington Richard Cobden Richard Coeur de Lion Richard Coeur de Lion Richard Coke Richard Colley Wellesley Richard Colvin Reid Richard Cooke Engineering Steels Richard Cour de Lion Richard Courant Richard Cromwell Richard Cronin National Salmon Station Richard Cumberland Richard D'Oyly Carte Richard D'Oyly Carte Richard D. Fosbury Richard D. James Richard D. Kimball Richard Daley Associates Richard Dana Richard Dana Richard Davidson Musical Services Richard Davies Investor Relations Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science Richard de Bury Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke Richard de Devizes Richard Dean Anderson Richard Dedekind Richard Dedekind Richard Dehmel Richard Diamond, Private Detective Richard Dimbleby Cancer Fund Richard Dodridge Blackmore Richard Douglas Parker Collegiate Richard Doyle (illustrator)

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High efficiency systems, such as the one powering the ThunderPower bus, can help eliminate the country's dependency on foreign oil," said Richard Cromwell, general manager of SunLine Transit Agency.

CALSTART Tech Teams Roll-Out Two Transit ``Firsts''; First California ... by Business Wire