Once nomadic hunters and gatherers of wild food in desolate areas like the Kalahari desert of SW Africa, most of the San now live in settlements and work on cattle ranches or farms. Their life historically centered on the small hunting band as the main social unit, with larger organizations being loose and temporary. Caves and rock shelters were used as dwellings, and they possessed only what they can carry, using poisoned arrowheads to fell game and transporting water in ostrich-egg shells. The San have a rich folklore, are skilled in drawing, and have a remarkably complex language characterized by the use of click sounds, related to that of the Khoikhoi Khoikhoi , people numbering about 55,000 mainly in Namibia and in W South Africa. The Khoikhoi have been called Hottentots by whites in South Africa. In language and in physical type the Khoikhoi appear to be related to the San (Bushmen), i.e.
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For thousands of years the San lived in S and central Africa, but by the time of the Portuguese arrival in the 15th cent., they had already been forced into the interior of S Africa. In the 18th and 19th cent., they resisted the encroachment on their lands of Dutch settlers, but by 1862 that resistance had been crushed.
Bibliography
See E. M. Thomas, The Harmless People (1959, repr. 1969) and The Old Way (2006); J. B. Wright, Bushmen Raiders of the Dakensberg, 1840–1870 (1971); L. J. Marshall, !Kung of Nyae Nyae (1975) and Nyae Nyae !Kung Belief and Rites (1999); R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, Hunter-Gatherers (1976).
San
formerly BushmenGroup of peoples now living mainly in and around the Kalahari Desert region of southern Africa, chiefly Botswana, Namibia, and northwestern South Africa. They are closely related to the Khoekhoe. San languages belong to the Khoisan family. Two well-known San groups are the !Kung (Ju) and the | Gui. The San are, for the most part, physically indistinguishable from the Khoekhoe or from their Bantu-speaking neighbours. Traditional San society centres on the nomadic band of related families. San shelters are semicircular structures of branches, twigs, and grass; their equipment is portable, their possessions few and light. They have traditionally hunted, using bows and snares, and gathered wild vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Numbering in the tens of thousands, most San have been restricted, because of historical and political factors, to harsh, semiarid areas, and they work for wages on European farms or serve other Africans, notably the Tswana.
High Speed
The SAN network allows data transfers between computers and disks at the same high peripheral channel speeds as when they are directly attached. Fibre Channel is a driving force with SANs and is typically used to encapsulate SCSI commands. SSA and ESCON channels are also supported.
Centralized or Distributed
A centralized SAN connects multiple servers to a collection of disks, whereas a distributed SAN typically uses one or more Fibre Channel or SCSI switches to connect nodes within buildings or campuses. For long distances, SAN traffic is transferred over ATM, SONET or dark fiber. To guarantee complete recovery in a disaster, dual, redundant SANs are deployed, one a mirror of the other and each in separate locations.
Over IP
Another SAN option is IP storage, which enables data transfer via IP over fast Gigabit Ethernet locally or via the Internet to anywhere in the world (see IP storage). See LAN free backup.
The Terminology
SAN-NAS terminology is confusing (storage area network vs. network attached storage). They both fall under the "storage network" umbrella, but operate differently: the channel-attached SAN extends the disk channel, whereas the NAS is another node on the network. See NAS, Fibre Channel, SCSI switch, AoE, iSCSI, IP storage, SCSI and SNIA.
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| SAN Vs. NAS |
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| A SAN is extended disk storage, while the NAS is a file server. They all fall under the "storage network" umbrella. |
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| Channel Attached |
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| EMC has been a pioneer in channel-attached storage networks, especially in the mainframe arena. Its Symmetrix storage systems support up to 32 ports (channels) and hold up to 6TB. Network-attached options are also available. (Image courtesy of EMC Corporation.) |
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| Network Attached |
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| Containing only an on/off switch and Ethernet port, Adaptec's Snap Server provides an instant storage boost by simply plugging it into the network hub. (Image courtesy of Adaptec, Inc., www.snapserver.com) |
San
SAN
| SAN - Storage Area Network |
San
a city in Mali, on the Bamako-Gao highway, in Ségou Region. Population, 14,300(1969).
San is the commercial center of an agricultural region that grows cotton, rice, cassava, millet, sorghum, and peanuts and raises livestock. The city has cotton-ginning and rice-milling plants. Construction materials are manufactured as well.
San
a river in southeastern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula River. For a short distance the upper San flows along the border between Poland and the USSR. The San is 444 km long and drains an area of 16,700 sq km. Rising in the Eastern Beskidy, a mountain range in the Carpathian system, it flows through a hilly plain and crosses the Sandomierz Lowland. There is high water from February to May; during the rest of the year the water level is quite low, with occasional flash floods. The mean flow rate in the lower course is 125 cu m per sec. Timber is floated down the river. In 1968 the Solina Reservoir, with a volume of approximately 500 million cu m, and a hydroelectric power plant, with a capacity of 120 megawatts, were constructed on the upper San. The cities of Sanok, Przemyśl, and Jarosław are located on the river.
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