Seminole, Native North Americans whose language belongs to the Muskogean branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock (see Native American languages Native American languages, languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants. A number of the Native American languages that were spoken at the time of the European arrival in the New World in the late 15th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. ). They separated (their name means "separatist") from the Creek in the early 18th cent. and settled in the former territory of the Apalachee in Florida. They gradually grew in strength, absorbing many runaway black slaves and the remnants of the Apalachee. While still under Spanish rule, the Seminole became involved in several major confrontations with the United States, particularly in the War of 1812 and again in 1817–18. In the retaliatory expedition of 1817–18, Gen. Andrew Jackson invaded Florida with more than 3,000 men to punish the Seminole. By the Treaty of Paynes Landing (1832), the Seminole were bound to move W of the Mississippi River within three years. Most Seminole, led by Osceola Osceola (ŏsēō`lə, ō–), c.1800–1838, leader of the Seminole .
..... Click the link for more information. , refused to go and prepared themselves for resistance.

In 1835 began the Seminole War, which proved to be the most costly of the Indian wars Indian wars, in American history, general term referring to the series of conflicts between Europeans and their descendants and the indigenous peoples of North America.
..... Click the link for more information. in which the United States engaged. Lasting for nearly eight years, it cost the lives of thousands of Seminole and 1,500 U.S. soldiers, as well as at least $30 million. Finally defeated in 1842, the Seminole consented to move to Oklahoma, where they became one of the Five Civilized Tribes Five Civilized Tribes, inclusive term used since mid-19th cent. for the Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Seminole tribes of E Oklahoma. By 1850 some 60,000 members of these tribes were settled in the Indian Territory under the Removal Act of 1830, which
..... Click the link for more information. . A few Seminole remained isolated in the Everglades Everglades National Park and Expansion, (1,508,580 acres/610,761 hectares), est. 1947. Big Cypress National Preserve and Addition (est. 1974) adjoins it to the north. See National Parks and Monuments (table).

Bibliography

See M. S.
..... Click the link for more information. . In 1990 there were about 15,500 Seminole in the United States, mostly in Florida and Oklahoma.

Bibliography

See J. K. Mahon, History of the Second Seminole War (1967); J. H. Howard, Oklahoma Seminoles (1984); M. S. Garbarino, The Seminole (1988).

Seminole

North American Indian people living mainly in Florida and Oklahoma, U.S. Their language belongs to the Muskogean language stock. The Seminoles split off from the Creek in the later 18th century and settled in northern Florida, where they were joined by Native American, African, and African American individuals who had escaped slavery in the regions to the north. Their name derives from the Creek word simanó-li, meaning “separatist,” or “runaway.” The Seminoles traditionally lived more by hunting and fishing than by agriculture, constructed shelters of thatched roofs supported by poles, and wore tailored hide clothing decorated with brightly coloured stripes. In an effort to stem colonial encroachment, they fought a succession of wars (see Seminole Wars). Seminole descendants numbered about 27,000 in the early 21st century.

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Bibliography

Seminole

Seminole