Coffee (redirected from Shade coffee)

coffee, a tree, its seeds, and the beverage made from them. The coffee tree, a small evergreen of the genus Coffea, has smooth, ovate leaves and clusters of fragrant white flowers that mature into deep red fruits about 1-2 in. (1.27 cm) long. The fruit usually contains two seeds, the coffee beans. C. arabica yields the highest-quality beans and provides the bulk of the world's coffee, including c.80% of the coffee imported into the United States. The species is thought to be native to Ethiopia, where it was known before A.D. 1000.

Coffee's earliest human use may have been as a food; a ball of the crushed fruit molded with fat was a day's ration for certain African nomads. Later, wine was made from the fermented husks and pulps. Coffee was known in 15th-century Arabia; from there it spread to Egypt and Turkey, overcoming religious and political opposition to become popular among Arabs. At first proscribed by Italian churchmen as a heathen's drink, it was approved by Pope Clement VIII, and by the mid-17th cent. coffee had reached most of Europe. Introduced in North America c.1668, coffee became a favorite American beverage after the Boston Tea Party made tea unfashionable.

Coffee owes its popularity in part to the stimulative effect of its caffeine constituent. Caffeine, a bitter alkaloid, can also contribute to irritability, depression, diarrhea, insomnia, and other disorders. Decaffeinated coffees, developed in the early 1900s, account for c.18% of the U.S. market. For those without the time or the inclination to brew their own, there are instant or soluble coffees, introduced in 1867, which account for c.17% of U.S. coffee sales.

Coffee Plant Cultivation

The coffee plant prefers the cool, moist, frost-free climate found at higher altitudes in the tropics and subtropics. Optimum growing conditions include: temperature of about 75°F; (24°C;); well-distributed annual rainfall of about 50 in. (127 cm) with a short dry season; and fertile, deep, well-drained soil, especially of volcanic origin. While coffee can be grown from sea level to c.6,000 ft (1,830 m), and C. robusta is produced at low elevations in West Africa, the better arabica grades are generally produced above 1,500 ft (460 m). Strong winds limit coffee production; coffee is often grown in the shelter of taller trees. A coffee tree yields its maximum sometime between its fifth and tenth year and may bear for about 30 years.

Preparation and Types of Coffee

After the outer pulp is removed, coffee seeds are prepared by roasting, which develops the aroma and flavor of their essential oils. Longer roasting produces darker, stronger coffee. The variety of recipes and prescriptions for roasting, brewing, and serving coffee reflects the diversity of consumer tastes and cultural preferences. All techniques begin with properly roasted, freshly ground coffee; freshly boiling water; and absolutely clean utensils. Turkish coffee, a strong, unfiltered brew of finely powdered coffee and sugar, is popular in Greece, Turkey, and Arabia. Italian-style espresso, or expresso, is brewed by forcing hot water under pressure through finely powdered, often darkly roasted coffee. Most other coffees are filtered. Café au lait, coffee mixed with scalded milk, is a traditional French breakfast drink, as is café con leche in countries where Spanish is spoken. Coffee flavored with chicory is a specialty of New Orleans. Connoisseurs pay dearly for Mocha from the Yemen region of Arabia, Blue Mountain from Jamaica, Kona from Hawaii, or other so-called specialty coffees from Africa, Indonesia, or Latin America—all premium arabica varieties.

Coffee in Commerce

Varieties of C. arabica are important export crops in many countries, especially in South America and East Africa. Brazil is the leading producer. The only other species of commercial importance is C. robusta, a West African native also widely grown in Central Africa and Asia. Fluctuations in supply and demand have historically played havoc with world coffee markets and with the economies of individual growers and exporting countries. Efforts to stabilize the markets began with a 1940 agreement, administered by the Inter-American Coffee Board, allocating U.S. coffee imports from Latin America. A global agreement under the International Coffee Organization, a body of 70 coffee-producing and -consuming countries, expired in 1989.

In many cultures throughout its history, coffee has been served in coffeehouses, cafés, and other places of public refreshment, often as an aid and accompaniment to political or artistic activity, gambling, or gossip, or to solo rumination. Coffee's popularity in the United States peaked in 1962, when three-quarters of people over 10 years of age drank at least a cup a day; in 1992 only about half did. Beginning about 1990 U.S. consumers became increasingly interested in premium coffees and stronger, richer brews.

Classification of the Coffee Plant

Coffee is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Rubiales, family Rubiaceae (madder).

Bibliography

See G. Dicum and N. Luttinger, The Coffee Book (1999); M. Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds (1999).

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coffee

Tropical evergreen shrub of the genus Coffea, in the madder family, or its seeds, called beans; also the beverage made by brewing the roasted and ground beans with water. Two of the 25 or more species, C. arabica and C. canephora, supply almost all the world's coffee. Arabica coffee is considered to brew a more flavourful and aromatic beverage than Robusta, the main variety of C. canephora. Arabicas are grown in Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Indonesia, Robustas mainly in Africa. The shrub bears bouquets of small white flowers with a jasminelike fragrance. The fruit, 0.5–0.75 in. (13–19 mm) long and red when mature, is called a cherry. Coffee contains large amounts of caffeine, the effects of which have always been an important element in the drink's popularity. Coffee drinking began in 15th-century Arabia. It reached Europe by the mid 17th century and immediately became hugely popular. Coffee is now consumed by about one-third of the world's population.

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coffee

a. a medium to dark brown colour

b. (as adjective): a coffee carpet
www.coffeeresearch.org
www.ico.org
www.nationalgeographic.com/coffee
www.coffeescience.org/css.html
www.ineedcoffee.com
www.ncausa.org

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coffee [kȯf·ē]

(botany)

Any of various shrubs or small trees of the genusCoffea(family Rubiaceae) cultivated for the seeds (coffee beans) of its fruit; most coffee beans are obtained from the Arabian species,C. arabica.

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Coffee 

a plant of the genus Coffea or its seeds (coffee beans), used to make a stimulating beverage of the same name and to obtain caffeine.

Coffee is an important commodity in international trade. The world output of coffee beans in 1971 reached 4.9 million tons, and more than 65 percent of it was produced in Latin America, primarily Brazil and Colombia but also Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. About 27 percent of the output was produced in Africa, especially the Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Angola, and Uganda, and the rest was produced in Asia, mainly Indonesia, India, and the Philippines. The largest exporter of coffee is Brazil, accounting for more than one-third of world coffee exports. Colombia, the Ivory Coast, Uganda, Angola, Guatemala, and Mexico also contribute significantly to the world market. The main coffee consumers are the United States, which accounts for one third-of the world coffee imports, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden.

Coffee is sold as raw or roasted beans or as ground or instant coffee. Harvested beans are prepared for market by being cleaned of the pulp, fermented, and then dried at temperatures of 50°-60°C and polished. Caffeine is obtained from raw beans. The beverage coffee is prepared from beans roasted at 180°-200°C for 25–30 minutes and then ground. When the beans are roasted, their sugar is carmelized and substances are formed that give the beverage a brown color and pleasant taste and aroma.

There are many varieties of coffee, named after their place of origin or the port from which they are exported. Yemen, or mocha, coffee, produced in small quantities, is considered to be the best. Brazilian (Santos) and Colombian (Mams) coffees are also of high quality. The chemical composition of coffees may differ somewhat depending on the variety. On the average, coffee contains 13–14 percent nitrogen substances, 0.65–2.7 percent caffeine, 2–3 percent sugar, 12–15 percent fat, more than 20 percent cellulose, and 3–4 percent minerals.

Because of its significant caffeine content, coffee has a stimulating and tonic effect on the central nervous system. One teaspoon of ground coffee used to make a cup of the beverage contains a single therapeutic dose of caffeine (0.07–0.1 g). Coffee also stimulates stomach secretions. Natural coffee is not recommended for persons with a hyperactive nervous system or for those suffering from heart palpitations, ulcers, hypertension, or insomnia.

The term “coffee” is also applied to commercial coffee substitutes made from various vegetable sources such as roasted barley or acorns, which do not contain caffeine. Many coffee substitutes have natural coffee added in small quantities.