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Spandau |
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Spandau (shpän`dou), district of Berlin, Germany, at the confluence of the Havel and Spree rivers. It is a canal port and a major industrial district of Berlin. Manufactures include steel and electrotechnical equipment. Spandau was chartered as a town in 1232, and during 1560 to 1594 the electors of Brandenburg built a major fortress there on the Havel River. The fortress was occupied in the Thirty Years War by the Swedes (1631–34) and in the French Revolutionary Wars by the French (1806–13). It later became a dreaded political prison; several major Nazi war criminals (including Rudolph Hess, who committed suicide there in 1987) were imprisoned there after the Nuremberg trials (1945–46). Spandau was incorporated into Berlin in 1920.
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No references found | In a study in which 2% hydrocortisone was instilled through a tympanic membrane perforation into the round window niche of rats for 5 consecutive days, Spandow et al demonstrated that auditory brainstem responses were permanently impaired in the frequency region beyond 8 kHz. Spandow et al reported that the administration of topical 2% hydrocortisone suspension delayed healing in rats with perforated tympanic membranes (TMs). Wennmo and Spandow found an air-bone gap of 20 dB or less in 89% of patients and 10 dB or less in 67% of patients over a minimum follow-up of 3 years. |
Spandow |
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