Syracuse, city, Italy
Syracuse (sĭr`əky
s, –kyz), Ital. Siracusa, city (1991 pop. 125,941), capital of Syracuse prov., SE Sicily, Italy, on the Ionian Sea. It has a port and is a market and tourist center. Its manufactures include machinery and processed food. The old town, on the small island of Ortygia, is connected by a bridge with the mainland, where the more modern districts are situated.
Points of Interest
Numerous remains testify to the city's past greatness. On Ortygia are the cathedral, built (7th cent. A.D.) on the remains of a Greek temple, with 12 Doric columns; the remarkable archaeological museum; the fountain of Arethusa; ruins of a temple of Apollo; and a castle built (13th cent. A.D.) by emperor Frederick II. Among the remains on the mainland are a large, well-preserved Greek theater (5th cent. B.C.), still used for performances of classical works; a Roman amphitheater (2d cent. A.D.); the large Greek fortress of Euralus; and the extensive Catacombs of St. John (5th–6th cent. A.D.).
History
Founded (734 B.C.) by Greek colonists from Corinth, Syracuse grew rapidly and soon founded colonies of its own. Its democratic government was suppressed by Gelon Gelon , d. 478 B.C., Greek Sicilian ruler. As tyrant of Gela, his native city, he interfered in the struggle for power in Syracuse (485 B.C.) and made himself the leader of the popular party there. From that time he ruled Syracuse and dominated Greek Sicily. In 480 B.
..... Click the link for more information. , tyrant of Gela, who took possession of the city in 485 B.C. Under his rule, marked by a great victory (480 B.C.) over Carthage at Himera, Syracuse took the lead among the Greek cities of Sicily. Gelon's successor, Hiero I, made it one of the great centers of Greek culture; the poet Pindar and the dramatist Aeschylus lived at his court. Soon after Hiero's death a democracy was again established; it lasted from 466 B.C. to 406 B.C. During this period Syracuse extended its control over E Sicily and defeated an Athenian expedition (begun in 415 B.C. by Alcibiades) in a great land and sea battle (414 B.C.). In 406 B.C., Dionysius the Elder Dionysius the Elder, c.430–367 B.C., tyrant of Syracuse. Of humble origin, he entered politics as a supporter of the poorer classes. Having prompted (400 B.C.) a measure to elect truly democratic generals, he secured for himself one of these generalships.
..... Click the link for more information. became tyrant. Under his long rule Syracuse reached the high point of its power and territorial expansion.
After the death of Dionysius there followed a period of bitter internal struggle in which Dionysius the Younger Dionysius the Younger, fl. 368–344 B.C., tyrant of Syracuse, son of Dionysius the Elder. He ended the war with Carthage and enlisted the support of the professional army.
..... Click the link for more information. , Dion of Syracuse Dion of Syracuse , 409?–354? B.C., Sicilian Greek political leader, brother-in-law of Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse. He became interested in philosophy through his acquaintance with Plato.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Timoleon Timoleon , d. after 337 B.C., Greek statesman and general, noted as the scourge of tyrants. A Corinthian, he went (344) with a small army to Syracuse in answer to the appeal of the Syracusans to their mother city, Corinth, for aid against Dionysius the Younger.
..... Click the link for more information. were the chief protagonists. There were several decades of democratic government until tyranny was reestablished by Agathocles and Hiero II Hiero II, d. c.215 B.C., Greek Sicilian ruler, tyrant of Syracuse (c.270–c.215 B.C.). He showed such ability and distinction after Pyrrhus left Sicily (275 B.C.) that he was made commander in chief of the Syracusans and was later chosen (c.265 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. (4th–3d cent. B.C.). Hiero's reign was relatively peaceful and prosperous, but after his death Syracuse suffered catastrophically when it abandoned its traditional ally Rome in favor of Carthage, in the second of the Punic Wars Punic Wars, three distinct conflicts between Carthage and Rome. When they began, Rome had nearly completed the conquest of Italy, while Carthage controlled NW Africa and the islands and the commerce of the W Mediterranean.
..... Click the link for more information. . After a long siege by the Roman consul Marcellus, the city fell in 212 B.C. and was sacked; Syracuse thence was reduced to the status of a provincial town. The period from Dionysius the Elder to 212 B.C. was brilliant in terms of culture. The philosopher Plato visited Syracuse several times, and the poet Theocritus probably lived at the court of Hiero II. The mathematician and physicist Archimedes, born (287 B.C.) in Syracuse, directed the defense of the city against the Romans and was killed during the sack of the city. Syracuse suffered another major setback in the late 9th cent. A.D., when it was badly damaged by Arab conquerors. It was captured by the Normans in 1085.
Syracuse, city, United States
Syracuse (sĭr`əkys, sĕr`–), city (1990 pop. 163,860), seat of Onondaga co., central N.Y., on Onondaga Lake and the Erie Canal; settled c.1788, inc. as a city 1848. It is a port of entry, and its many manufactures include electrical and electronic equipment, automobile and aircraft parts, chinaware, shoes, machinery, and pharmaceuticals. Salt springs were discovered there in 1654. Saltmaking, the city's chief industry until after the Civil War, declined under competition. However, Syracuse's location on the Erie Canal (opened there in 1819) and on rail lines stimulated industry. The city is the seat of Syracuse Univ., Le Moyne College, and the State Univ. of New York Upstate Medical Univ. Cultural facilities include the Everson Museum of Art, a salt museum, and an Erie Canal museum. An annual state fair has been held there since 1841. Nearby is Hancock International Airport, the Onondaga Reservation, and New York's first modern casino, run by the Oneidas. Recreational lakes and streams are abundant in the area.Syracuse
Italian Siracusa ancient SyracusaeSeaport city (pop., 2001 prelim.: 121,000), eastern coast of Sicily, Italy. Founded in 734 BC by Greeks from Corinth, it was seized by Hippocrates of Gela in 485 BC and ruled by tyrants until a revolution established a democratic government c. 465 BC. In 413 BC, during the Peloponnesian War, Syracuse defeated an Athenian invasion force. Under the rule of Dionysius I the Elder (405–367 BC), it became the most powerful of the Greek cities, fighting three wars against rival Carthage. Syracuse fell to Rome in 211 BC. It was sacked by Frankish invaders in AD 280 and captured by Arabs in 878; its importance waned in medieval times. Now the commercial centre for an agricultural district, it also supports the fishing and tourist industries. It has many examples of medieval and Renaissance architecture as well as Greek and Roman ruins. It is the birthplace of Theocritus and Archimedes.
Syracuse
City (pop., 2001: 147,306), central New York, U.S. The site, at the southern end of Lake Oneida, was once the territory of the Onondaga Indians and the headquarters of the Iroquois Confederacy. The area was visited by the French in the 17th century. Indian hostility and the swampy location precluded settlement until the establishment of a trading post in 1786. Soon a saltworks based on its brine springs began operation; it supplied most of the nation's salt until 1870. An important port on the Erie Canal, Syracuse serves as a distribution centre for the central New York agricultural region. It also manufactures pharmaceuticals and electronics. It is the site of Syracuse University (1870) and the Everson Museum of Art (founded 1896).
Syracuse
Syracuse
(in Greek, Syrakusai), an ancient Greek city-state, located in the southeastern part of the island of Sicily.
Syracuse was founded in approximately 734 B.C. by Corinthians. The principal occupations of its inhabitants were farming and sea trade. In the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., Syracu-sans founded a number of colonies in Sicily, including Acrae, Camarina, and probably Enna. In the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., Syracuse was one of the important states of the Mediterranean. In the early fifth century B.C., the urban demos, supported by the Cyllyrii (the rural population, analogous to the Spartan Helots), drove the Gamori (large-scale landowners) from Syracuse after a fierce struggle. The Gamori requested aid from Gel-on, tyrant (absolute ruler) of the city of Gela, and, as a result, Gelon established a tyranny in Syracuse in 485 B.C. Supported by mercenaries, he defeated the Carthaginians at Himera in 480 B.C. and his brother, Hieron I, defeated the Etruscans near the city of Cumae in 474 B.C. This brought an end to Carthaginian expansion in Sicily, and Syracuse was able to extend its rule over a considerable part of the island and part of southern Italy, including Rhegium and other cities.
After the death of Hieron I, the government of Syracuse was overturned and a slaveholding democracy was established. Taking advantage of internal strife, the Athenians dispatched an expedition against Syracuse (415–413 B.C.) during the Pelo-ponnesian War, which ended in defeat. In 406 B.C., the tyrant Dionysius I seized power. Under Dionysius, Syracuse repulsed an attack by the Carthaginians and subdued almost all of Sicily. After his death, the regime weakened and Carthage renewed its onslaught, leading Syracuse to request aid from Corinth. A Corinthian army, led by Timoleon, repulsed the Carthaginian offensive and restored the democracy lost under Dionysius I. During a period of intense intestine strife and a military clash with the city of Acragas, power in Syracuse passed in 317 or 316 B.C. to the military commander Agathocles, who opposed the oligarchs.
Under Agathocles, who ruled until 289 B.C., the Carthaginians were driven from Sicily and the domain established by Dionysius I was won back and expanded further. With the death of Agathocles, however, the state once again declined. Syracuse became an ally of Rome during the First and Second Punic Wars. After 215 B.C., during the rule of Hieronymus, it allied itself with Carthage. In 211 B.C., after a two-year siege, the city finally fell after a Roman assault and was sacked. (In their defense the Syracusans had used war machines invented by Archimedes, a native Syracusan.) Under Roman rule, Syracuse was the residence of the governors of the province of Sicily. The modern city of Syracuse was built on the site of the ancient city.
REFERENCES
Fabricius, K. Das antike Syrakus: Eine historisch-archäologische Untersuchung. Leipzig, 1932.Mansuelli, G. A. La politica estera di Siracusa. Bologna, 1958.
Diesner, H.-J. Griechische Tyrannis und griechische Tyrannen. Berlin [1960].
I. L. MAIAK
Syracuse
(Siracusa), a city and port in southern Italy; located in the southeastern part of the island of Sicily and partly on the island of Ortygia in the Ionian Sea. Capital of the province of Siracusa. Population, 109,000(1971).
Syracuse has textile, metalworking (including the production of cables), cement, and food-processing industries. It is located near Priolo, an oil-refining and petrochemical center. The city arose on the site of the ancient city of Syracuse. It is the birthplace of Archimedes. Remains of several ancient Greek structures have been preserved, including two Doric temples, one dedicated to Apollo or Artemis (early sixth century B.C.) and another to Athena (after 480 B.C.). Both temples are on the island of Ortygia. There are also remains of a theater (fifth century B.C.). Syracuse has an archaeological museum specializing in the ancient Greek period.
Syracuse
a city in the northeastern USA, in the state of New York. Population, 188,000 (1974; 646,000, including suburbs). Syracuse is a port on the Erie Canal. The manufacturing industry employs 62,000 people (1973) and is represented by the machine-building, chemical, electrical-engineering, and radioelectronics industries. There are metalworking enterprises and enterprises for the production of scientific equipment, sodium carbonate, alkalies, drugs and ceramics. Salt and limestone are mined. There is a university in the city. Syracuse was founded in 1786 near salt springs.
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